dcrd/blockchain/validate.go

// Copyright (c) 2013-2016 The btcsuite developers
// Copyright (c) 2015-2021 The Decred developers
// Use of this source code is governed by an ISC
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

package blockchain

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/binary"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"math/big"
	"time"

	"github.com/decred/dcrd/blockchain/stake/v4"
	"github.com/decred/dcrd/blockchain/standalone/v2"
	"github.com/decred/dcrd/chaincfg/chainhash"
	"github.com/decred/dcrd/chaincfg/v3"
	"github.com/decred/dcrd/database/v3"
	"github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrutil/v4"
	"github.com/decred/dcrd/gcs/v3/blockcf2"
	"github.com/decred/dcrd/txscript/v4"
	"github.com/decred/dcrd/wire"
)

const (
	// MaxSigOpsPerBlock is the maximum number of signature operations
	// allowed for a block.  This really should be based upon the max
	// allowed block size for a network and any votes that might change it,
	// however, since it was not updated to be based upon it before
	// release, it will require a hard fork and associated vote agenda to
	// change it.  The original max block size for the protocol was 1MiB,
	// so that is what this is based on.
	MaxSigOpsPerBlock = 1000000 / 200

	// MaxTimeOffsetSeconds is the maximum number of seconds a block time
	// is allowed to be ahead of the current time.  This is currently 2
	// hours.
	MaxTimeOffsetSeconds = 2 * 60 * 60

	// MinCoinbaseScriptLen is the minimum length a coinbase script can be.
	MinCoinbaseScriptLen = 2

	// MaxCoinbaseScriptLen is the maximum length a coinbase script can be.
	MaxCoinbaseScriptLen = 100

	// maxUniqueCoinbaseNullDataSize is the maximum number of bytes allowed
	// in the pushed data output of the coinbase output that is used to
	// ensure the coinbase has a unique hash.
	maxUniqueCoinbaseNullDataSize = 256

	// medianTimeBlocks is the number of previous blocks which should be
	// used to calculate the median time used to validate block timestamps.
	medianTimeBlocks = 11

	// earlyVoteBitsValue is the only value of VoteBits allowed in a block
	// header before stake validation height.
	earlyVoteBitsValue = 0x0001

	// maxRevocationsPerBlock is the maximum number of revocations that are
	// allowed per block.
	maxRevocationsPerBlock = 255

	// MaxTAddsPerBlock is the maximum number of treasury add txs that are
	// allowed per block.
	MaxTAddsPerBlock = 20

	// A ticket commitment output is an OP_RETURN script with a 30-byte data
	// push that consists of a 20-byte hash for the payment hash, 8 bytes
	// for the amount to commit to (with the upper bit flag set to indicate
	// the hash is for a pay-to-script-hash address, otherwise the hash is a
	// pay-to-pubkey-hash), and 2 bytes for the fee limits.  Thus, 1 byte
	// for the OP_RETURN + 1 byte for the data push + 20 bytes for the
	// payment hash means the encoded amount is at offset 22.  Then, 8 bytes
	// for the amount means the encoded fee limits are at offset 30.
	commitHashStartIdx     = 2
	commitHashEndIdx       = commitHashStartIdx + 20
	commitAmountStartIdx   = commitHashEndIdx
	commitAmountEndIdx     = commitAmountStartIdx + 8
	commitFeeLimitStartIdx = commitAmountEndIdx
	commitFeeLimitEndIdx   = commitFeeLimitStartIdx + 2

	// commitP2SHFlag specifies the bitmask to apply to an amount decoded from
	// a ticket commitment in order to determine if it is a pay-to-script-hash
	// commitment.  The value is derived from the fact it is encoded as the most
	// significant bit in the amount.
	commitP2SHFlag = uint64(1 << 63)

	// submissionOutputIdx is the index of the stake submission output of a
	// ticket transaction.
	submissionOutputIdx = 0

	// checkForDuplicateHashes checks for duplicate hashes when validating
	// blocks.  Because of the rule inserting the height into the second (nonce)
	// txOut, there should never be a duplicate transaction hash that overwrites
	// another. However, because there is a 2^128 chance of a collision, the
	// paranoid user may wish to turn this feature on.
	checkForDuplicateHashes = false
)

// mustParseHash converts the passed big-endian hex string into a
// chainhash.Hash and will panic if there is an error.  It only differs from the
// one available in chainhash in that it will panic so errors in the source code
// be detected.  It will only (and must only) be called with hard-coded, and
// therefore known good, hashes.
func mustParseHash(s string) *chainhash.Hash {
	hash, err := chainhash.NewHashFromStr(s)
	if err != nil {
		panic("invalid hash in source file: " + s)
	}
	return hash
}

var (
	// zeroHash is the zero value for a chainhash.Hash and is defined as a
	// package level variable to avoid the need to create a new instance
	// every time a check is needed.
	zeroHash = &chainhash.Hash{}

	// earlyFinalState is the only value of the final state allowed in a
	// block header before stake validation height.
	earlyFinalState = [6]byte{0x00}

	// The following blocks violate DCP0005 as they were submitted with an old
	// version after the majority of the network had upgraded.  See
	// isDCP0005Violation for more details.  They are defined as package level
	// variables to avoid the need to create new instances every time a check is
	// needed.
	block413762Hash = mustParseHash("00000000000000002086ed61f62a546f3bfa8f3e567b003f097efa982008c47b")
	block414036Hash = mustParseHash("0000000000000000194fa59310b9e988ecb23de0c716d6e8f1b2aa31d9592387")
	block424011Hash = mustParseHash("0000000000000000317fc6c7a8a6578be7dfa9c96eb81d620050a3732b02d572")
	block428809Hash = mustParseHash("00000000000000003147798ccffcecaa420fb1c7934d8f4e33809a871ee34aaa")
	block430191Hash = mustParseHash("00000000000000002127ad6d4cb30cc16f6344589b417e42650388bb0690a88e")
)

// voteBitsApproveParent returns whether or not the passed vote bits indicate
// the regular transaction tree of the parent block should be considered valid.
func voteBitsApproveParent(voteBits uint16) bool {
	return dcrutil.IsFlagSet16(voteBits, dcrutil.BlockValid)
}

// headerApprovesParent returns whether or not the vote bits in the passed
// header indicate the regular transaction tree of the parent block should be
// considered valid.
func headerApprovesParent(header *wire.BlockHeader) bool {
	return voteBitsApproveParent(header.VoteBits)
}

// isNullOutpoint determines whether or not a previous transaction output point
// is set.
func isNullOutpoint(outpoint *wire.OutPoint) bool {
	if outpoint.Index == math.MaxUint32 &&
		outpoint.Hash.IsEqual(zeroHash) &&
		outpoint.Tree == wire.TxTreeRegular {
		return true
	}
	return false
}

// isNullFraudProof determines whether or not a previous transaction fraud
// proof is set.
func isNullFraudProof(txIn *wire.TxIn) bool {
	switch {
	case txIn.BlockHeight != wire.NullBlockHeight:
		return false
	case txIn.BlockIndex != wire.NullBlockIndex:
		return false
	}

	return true
}

// IsExpiredTx returns where or not the passed transaction is expired according
// to the given block height.
//
// This function only differs from IsExpired in that it works with a raw wire
// transaction as opposed to a higher level util transaction.
func IsExpiredTx(tx *wire.MsgTx, blockHeight int64) bool {
	expiry := tx.Expiry
	return expiry != wire.NoExpiryValue && blockHeight >= int64(expiry)
}

// IsExpired returns where or not the passed transaction is expired according to
// the given block height.
//
// This function only differs from IsExpiredTx in that it works with a higher
// level util transaction as opposed to a raw wire transaction.
func IsExpired(tx *dcrutil.Tx, blockHeight int64) bool {
	return IsExpiredTx(tx.MsgTx(), blockHeight)
}

// SequenceLockActive determines if all of the inputs to a given transaction
// have achieved a relative age that surpasses the requirements specified by
// their respective sequence locks as calculated by CalcSequenceLock.  A single
// sequence lock is sufficient because the calculated lock selects the minimum
// required time and block height from all of the non-disabled inputs after
// which the transaction can be included.
func SequenceLockActive(lock *SequenceLock, blockHeight int64, medianTime time.Time) bool {
	// The transaction is not yet mature if it has not yet reached the
	// required minimum time and block height according to its sequence
	// locks.
	if blockHeight <= lock.MinHeight || medianTime.Unix() <= lock.MinTime {
		return false
	}

	return true
}

// IsFinalizedTransaction determines whether or not a transaction is finalized.
func IsFinalizedTransaction(tx *dcrutil.Tx, blockHeight int64, blockTime time.Time) bool {
	// Lock time of zero means the transaction is finalized.
	msgTx := tx.MsgTx()
	lockTime := msgTx.LockTime
	if lockTime == 0 {
		return true
	}

	// The lock time field of a transaction is either a block height at
	// which the transaction is finalized or a timestamp depending on if the
	// value is before the txscript.LockTimeThreshold.  When it is under the
	// threshold it is a block height.
	var blockTimeOrHeight int64
	if lockTime < txscript.LockTimeThreshold {
		blockTimeOrHeight = blockHeight
	} else {
		blockTimeOrHeight = blockTime.Unix()
	}
	if int64(lockTime) < blockTimeOrHeight {
		return true
	}

	// At this point, the transaction's lock time hasn't occurred yet, but
	// the transaction might still be finalized if the sequence number
	// for all transaction inputs is maxed out.
	for _, txIn := range msgTx.TxIn {
		if txIn.Sequence != math.MaxUint32 {
			return false
		}
	}
	return true
}

// checkTransactionSanity performs some preliminary checks on a transaction to
// ensure it is sane.  These checks are context free.
func checkTransactionSanity(tx *wire.MsgTx, params *chaincfg.Params) error {
	// A transaction must have at least one input.
	if len(tx.TxIn) == 0 {
		return ruleError(ErrNoTxInputs, "transaction has no inputs")
	}

	// A transaction must have at least one output.
	if len(tx.TxOut) == 0 {
		return ruleError(ErrNoTxOutputs, "transaction has no outputs")
	}

	// A transaction must not exceed the maximum allowed size when serialized.
	serializedTxSize := tx.SerializeSize()
	if serializedTxSize > params.MaxTxSize {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("serialized transaction is too big - got %d, max %d",
			serializedTxSize, params.MaxTxSize)
		return ruleError(ErrTxTooBig, str)
	}

	// Ensure the transaction amounts are in range.  Each transaction output
	// must not be negative or more than the max allowed per transaction.  Also,
	// the total of all outputs must abide by the same restrictions.  All
	// amounts in a transaction are in a unit value known as an atom.  One
	// Decred is a quantity of atoms as defined by the AtomsPerCoin constant.
	var totalAtom int64
	for _, txOut := range tx.TxOut {
		atom := txOut.Value
		if atom < 0 {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction output has negative value of %v",
				atom)
			return ruleError(ErrBadTxOutValue, str)
		}
		if atom > dcrutil.MaxAmount {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction output value of %v is higher than "+
				"max allowed value of %v", atom, dcrutil.MaxAmount)
			return ruleError(ErrBadTxOutValue, str)
		}

		// Two's complement int64 overflow guarantees that any overflow is
		// detected and reported.  This is impossible for Decred, but perhaps
		// possible if an alt increases the total money supply.
		totalAtom += atom
		if totalAtom < 0 {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("total value of all transaction outputs "+
				"exceeds max allowed value of %v", dcrutil.MaxAmount)
			return ruleError(ErrBadTxOutValue, str)
		}
		if totalAtom > dcrutil.MaxAmount {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("total value of all transaction outputs is %v "+
				"which is higher than max allowed value of %v", totalAtom,
				dcrutil.MaxAmount)
			return ruleError(ErrBadTxOutValue, str)
		}
	}

	// Check for duplicate transaction inputs.
	existingTxOut := make(map[wire.OutPoint]struct{})
	for _, txIn := range tx.TxIn {
		if _, exists := existingTxOut[txIn.PreviousOutPoint]; exists {
			str := "transaction contains duplicate inputs"
			return ruleError(ErrDuplicateTxInputs, str)
		}
		existingTxOut[txIn.PreviousOutPoint] = struct{}{}
	}

	return nil
}

// AgendaFlags is a bitmask defining additional agendas to consider as active
// when checking transactions.  This can be useful for callers who are able to
// accurately determine what agendas are active or otherwise desire any
// additional validation checks associated with a given agenda being active.
type AgendaFlags uint32

const (
	// AFTreasuryEnabled may be set to indicate that the treasury agenda should
	// be considered as active when checking a transaction so that any
	// additional checks which depend on the agenda being active are applied.
	AFTreasuryEnabled AgendaFlags = 1 << iota

	// AFExplicitVerUpgrades may be set to indicate that the explicit version
	// upgrades agenda should be considered as active when checking a
	// transaction so that any additional checks which depend on the agenda
	// being active are applied.
	AFExplicitVerUpgrades

	// AFAutoRevocationsEnabled may be set to indicate that the automatic ticket
	// revocations agenda should be considered as active when checking a
	// transaction so that any additional checks which depend on the agenda being
	// active are applied.
	AFAutoRevocationsEnabled

	// AFNone is a convenience value to specifically indicate no flags.
	AFNone AgendaFlags = 0
)

// IsTreasuryEnabled returns whether the flags indicate that the treasury agenda
// is enabled.
func (flags AgendaFlags) IsTreasuryEnabled() bool {
	return flags&AFTreasuryEnabled == AFTreasuryEnabled
}

// IsExplicitVerUpgradesEnabled returns whether the flags indicate that the
// explicit version upgrades agenda is enabled.
func (flags AgendaFlags) IsExplicitVerUpgradesEnabled() bool {
	return flags&AFExplicitVerUpgrades == AFExplicitVerUpgrades
}

// IsAutoRevocationsEnabled returns whether the flags indicate that the
// automatic ticket revocations agenda is enabled.
func (flags AgendaFlags) IsAutoRevocationsEnabled() bool {
	return flags&AFAutoRevocationsEnabled == AFAutoRevocationsEnabled
}

// determineCheckTxFlags returns the flags to use when checking transactions
// based on the agendas that are active as of the block AFTER the given node.
func (b *BlockChain) determineCheckTxFlags(prevNode *blockNode) (AgendaFlags, error) {
	// Determine if the treasury agenda is active as of the block being checked.
	isTreasuryEnabled, err := b.isTreasuryAgendaActive(prevNode)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}

	// Determine if the explicit version upgrades agenda is active as of the
	// block being checked.
	explicitUpgradesActive, err := b.isExplicitVerUpgradesAgendaActive(prevNode)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}

	// Determine if the automatic ticket revocations agenda is active as of the
	// block being checked.
	isAutoRevocationsEnabled, err := b.isAutoRevocationsAgendaActive(prevNode)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}

	// Create and return agenda flags for checking transactions based on which
	// ones are active as of the block being checked.
	checkTxFlags := AFNone
	if isTreasuryEnabled {
		checkTxFlags |= AFTreasuryEnabled
	}
	if explicitUpgradesActive {
		checkTxFlags |= AFExplicitVerUpgrades
	}
	if isAutoRevocationsEnabled {
		checkTxFlags |= AFAutoRevocationsEnabled
	}
	return checkTxFlags, nil
}

// checkTransactionContext performs several validation checks on the transaction
// which depend on having the full block data for all of its ancestors
// available, most likely because the checks depend on whether or not an agenda
// is active, because that involves tallying the result of votes that are part
// of the block data.
//
// The flags may be used to specify which agendas should be considered as active
// in order to change how the validation rules are applied accordingly.
func checkTransactionContext(tx *wire.MsgTx, params *chaincfg.Params, flags AgendaFlags) error {
	// Determine active agendas based on flags.
	isTreasuryEnabled := flags.IsTreasuryEnabled()
	explicitUpgradesActive := flags.IsExplicitVerUpgradesEnabled()
	isAutoRevocationsEnabled := flags.IsAutoRevocationsEnabled()

	// Reject transaction versions greater than the highest currently supported
	// version.  Any future consensus changes that result in hard-forking
	// changes to transactions (aka those that are not backwards compatible) are
	// expected to only be applied to a new transaction version and to update
	// this code accordingly so that the newer transaction version can be used
	// as a guaranteed proxy for an agenda having passed and become active.
	//
	// Note that prior to the explicit version upgrades agenda, transaction
	// versions are allowed to go up to a max uint16, so fall back to that value
	// accordingly.
	maxAllowedTxVer := ^uint16(0)
	switch {
	case explicitUpgradesActive:
		maxAllowedTxVer = 3
	}
	if tx.Version > maxAllowedTxVer {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction version %d is greater than the max "+
			"allowed version %d)", tx.Version, maxAllowedTxVer)
		return ruleError(ErrTxVersionTooHigh, str)
	}

	// Determine type.
	var isCoinBase, isVote, isTicket, isRevocation bool
	var isTreasuryBase, isTreasuryAdd, isTreasurySpend bool
	switch stake.DetermineTxType(tx, isTreasuryEnabled, isAutoRevocationsEnabled) {
	case stake.TxTypeSSGen:
		isVote = true
	case stake.TxTypeSStx:
		isTicket = true
	case stake.TxTypeSSRtx:
		isRevocation = true
	case stake.TxTypeTreasuryBase:
		isTreasuryBase = true
	case stake.TxTypeTAdd:
		isTreasuryAdd = true
	case stake.TxTypeTSpend:
		isTreasurySpend = true
	default:
		// Determine if we are dealing with a coinbase.
		isCoinBase = standalone.IsCoinBaseTx(tx, isTreasuryEnabled)
	}

	// Take action on type.
	switch {
	case isVote:
		// Check script length of stake base signature.
		slen := len(tx.TxIn[0].SignatureScript)
		if slen < MinCoinbaseScriptLen || slen > MaxCoinbaseScriptLen {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("stakebase transaction script length of %d is "+
				"out of range (min: %d, max: %d)", slen, MinCoinbaseScriptLen,
				MaxCoinbaseScriptLen)
			return ruleError(ErrBadStakebaseScriptLen, str)
		}

		// The script must be set to the one specified by the network.
		if !bytes.Equal(tx.TxIn[0].SignatureScript, params.StakeBaseSigScript) {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("stakebase transaction signature script was "+
				"set to disallowed value (got %x, want %x)",
				tx.TxIn[0].SignatureScript, params.StakeBaseSigScript)
			return ruleError(ErrBadStakebaseScrVal, str)
		}

		// The ticket reference hash in an SSGen tx must not be null.
		ticketHash := &tx.TxIn[1].PreviousOutPoint
		if isNullOutpoint(ticketHash) {
			str := "vote ticket input refers to previous output that is null"
			return ruleError(ErrBadTxInput, str)
		}

	case isRevocation:
		// Revocation transactions MUST be version 2 if the automatic ticket
		// revocations agenda is active.
		if isAutoRevocationsEnabled &&
			tx.Version != stake.TxVersionAutoRevocations {

			str := fmt.Sprintf("revocation transaction version is %d instead of %d",
				tx.Version, stake.TxVersionAutoRevocations)
			return ruleError(ErrInvalidRevocationTxVersion, str)
		}

	case isCoinBase:
		// The referenced outpoint must be null.
		if !isNullOutpoint(&tx.TxIn[0].PreviousOutPoint) {
			str := "coinbase transaction does not have a null outpoint"
			return ruleError(ErrBadCoinbaseOutpoint, str)
		}

		// The fraud proof must also be null.
		if !isNullFraudProof(tx.TxIn[0]) {
			str := "coinbase transaction fraud proof is non-null"
			return ruleError(ErrBadCoinbaseFraudProof, str)
		}

		slen := len(tx.TxIn[0].SignatureScript)
		if slen < MinCoinbaseScriptLen || slen > MaxCoinbaseScriptLen {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("coinbase transaction script length of %d is "+
				"out of range (min: %d, max: %d)", slen, MinCoinbaseScriptLen,
				MaxCoinbaseScriptLen)
			return ruleError(ErrBadCoinbaseScriptLen, str)
		}

	case isTreasuryBase:
		// The referenced outpoint must be null.
		if !isNullOutpoint(&tx.TxIn[0].PreviousOutPoint) {
			str := "treasurybase transaction does not have a null outpoint"
			return ruleError(ErrBadTreasurybaseOutpoint, str)
		}

		// The fraud proof must also be null.
		if !isNullFraudProof(tx.TxIn[0]) {
			str := "treasurybase transaction fraud proof is non-null"
			return ruleError(ErrBadTreasurybaseFraudProof, str)
		}

		// SignatureScript length must be zero.
		slen := len(tx.TxIn[0].SignatureScript)
		if slen != 0 {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("treasurybase transaction script length is not "+
				"zero: %v", slen)
			return ruleError(ErrBadTreasurybaseScriptLen, str)
		}

	case isTreasurySpend:
		// The referenced outpoint must be null.
		if !isNullOutpoint(&tx.TxIn[0].PreviousOutPoint) {
			str := "treasury spend transaction does not have a null outpoint"
			return ruleError(ErrBadTSpendOutpoint, str)
		}

		// The fraud proof must also be null.
		if !isNullFraudProof(tx.TxIn[0]) {
			str := "treasury spend transaction fraud proof is non-null"
			return ruleError(ErrBadTSpendFraudProof, str)
		}

		// Check script length of stake base signature.
		slen := len(tx.TxIn[0].SignatureScript)
		if slen != stake.TSpendScriptLen {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("treasury spend transaction script length of "+
				"%d is invalid (required: %d)", slen, stake.TSpendScriptLen)
			return ruleError(ErrBadTSpendScriptLen, str)
		}

	case isTreasuryAdd:
		if len(tx.TxOut) == 2 && tx.TxOut[1].Value == 0 {
			str := "treasury add transaction change cannot be 0"
			return ruleError(ErrInvalidTAddChange, str)
		}

		// Note the fallthrough.  Treasury add transactions require the default
		// test.  Do not move this case!
		fallthrough

	default:
		// Previous transaction outputs referenced by the inputs to this
		// transaction must not be null.
		for txInIdx, txIn := range tx.TxIn {
			prevOut := &txIn.PreviousOutPoint
			if isNullOutpoint(prevOut) {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction input %d refers to previous "+
					"output that is null", txInIdx)
				return ruleError(ErrBadTxInput, str)
			}
		}
	}

	// Enforce additional rules on regular (non-stake) transactions.
	isStakeTx := isVote || isTicket || isRevocation || isTreasuryAdd ||
		isTreasurySpend || isTreasuryBase
	if !isStakeTx {
		// Note that prior to the explicit version upgrades agenda, transaction
		// script versions are allowed to go up to a max uint16, so fall back to
		// that value accordingly.
		maxAllowedScriptVer := ^uint16(0)
		switch {
		case explicitUpgradesActive:
			maxAllowedScriptVer = 0
		}

		for txOutIdx, txOut := range tx.TxOut {
			// Reject transaction script versions greater than the highest
			// currently supported version.  Any future consensus changes that
			// result in introduction of a new script version are expected to
			// update this code accordingly so that the newer transaction script
			// version can be used as a guaranteed proxy for an agenda having
			// passed and become active.
			//
			// It is also worth noting that this check only applies to regular
			// transactions because stake transactions are individually and
			// separately enforced to be a specific script version.
			if txOut.Version > maxAllowedScriptVer {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("script version %d is greater than the max "+
					"allowed version %d)", txOut.Version, maxAllowedScriptVer)
				return ruleError(ErrScriptVersionTooHigh, str)
			}

			// Ensure that non-stake transactions have no outputs with opcodes
			// that are not allowed outside of the stake transactions.
			hasOp, err := txscript.ContainsStakeOpCodes(txOut.PkScript,
				isTreasuryEnabled)
			if err != nil {
				return ruleError(ErrScriptMalformed, err.Error())
			}
			if hasOp {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("non-stake transaction output %d contains "+
					"stake opcode", txOutIdx)
				return ruleError(ErrRegTxCreateStakeOut, str)
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// CheckTransactionSanity performs some preliminary checks on a transaction to
// ensure it is sane.  These checks are context free.
func CheckTransactionSanity(tx *wire.MsgTx, params *chaincfg.Params) error {
	return checkTransactionSanity(tx, params)
}

// CheckTransaction performs several validation checks on a transaction that
// include both preliminary sanity checks that are context free as well as those
// which depend on whether or not an agenda is active.
//
// The flags may be used to specify which agendas should be considered as active
// in order to change how the validation rules are applied accordingly.
func CheckTransaction(tx *wire.MsgTx, params *chaincfg.Params, flags AgendaFlags) error {
	err := checkTransactionSanity(tx, params)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return checkTransactionContext(tx, params, flags)
}

// checkProofOfStake ensures that all ticket purchases in the block pay at least
// the amount required by the block header stake bits which indicate the target
// stake difficulty (aka ticket price) as claimed.
func checkProofOfStake(block *dcrutil.Block, posLimit int64) error {
	msgBlock := block.MsgBlock()
	for _, staketx := range block.STransactions() {
		msgTx := staketx.MsgTx()
		if stake.IsSStx(msgTx) {
			commitValue := msgTx.TxOut[0].Value

			// Check for underflow block sbits.
			if commitValue < msgBlock.Header.SBits {
				errStr := fmt.Sprintf("Stake tx %v has a "+
					"commitment value less than the "+
					"minimum stake difficulty specified in"+
					" the block (%v)", staketx.Hash(),
					msgBlock.Header.SBits)
				return ruleError(ErrNotEnoughStake, errStr)
			}

			// Check if it's above the PoS limit.
			if commitValue < posLimit {
				errStr := fmt.Sprintf("Stake tx %v has a "+
					"commitment value less than the "+
					"minimum stake difficulty for the "+
					"network (%v)", staketx.Hash(),
					posLimit)
				return ruleError(ErrStakeBelowMinimum, errStr)
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// CheckProofOfStake ensures that all ticket purchases in the block pay at least
// the amount required by the block header stake bits which indicate the target
// stake difficulty (aka ticket price) as claimed.
func CheckProofOfStake(block *dcrutil.Block, posLimit int64) error {
	return checkProofOfStake(block, posLimit)
}

// standaloneToChainRuleError attempts to convert the passed error from a
// standalone.RuleError to a blockchain.RuleError with the equivalent error
// kind.  The error is simply passed through without modification if it is
// not a standalone.RuleError, not one of the specifically recognized
// error kinds, or nil.
func standaloneToChainRuleError(err error) error {
	// Convert standalone package rule errors to blockchain rule errors.
	switch {
	case errors.Is(err, standalone.ErrUnexpectedDifficulty):
		return ruleError(ErrUnexpectedDifficulty, err.Error())
	case errors.Is(err, standalone.ErrHighHash):
		return ruleError(ErrHighHash, err.Error())
	}

	return err
}

// checkProofOfWork ensures the block header bits which indicate the target
// difficulty is in min/max range and that the block hash is less than the
// target difficulty as claimed.
//
// The flags modify the behavior of this function as follows:
//  - BFNoPoWCheck: The check to ensure the block hash is less than the target
//    difficulty is not performed.
func checkProofOfWork(header *wire.BlockHeader, powLimit *big.Int, flags BehaviorFlags) error {
	// Only ensure the target difficulty bits are in the valid range when the
	// the flag to avoid proof of work checks is set.
	if flags&BFNoPoWCheck == BFNoPoWCheck {
		err := standalone.CheckProofOfWorkRange(header.Bits, powLimit)
		return standaloneToChainRuleError(err)
	}

	// Perform all proof of work checks when the flag is not set:
	//
	// - The target difficulty must be larger than zero.
	// - The target difficulty must be less than the maximum allowed.
	// - The block hash must be less than the claimed target.
	blockHash := header.BlockHash()
	err := standalone.CheckProofOfWork(&blockHash, header.Bits, powLimit)
	return standaloneToChainRuleError(err)
}

// checkBlockHeaderSanity performs some preliminary checks on a block header to
// ensure it is sane before continuing with processing.  These checks are
// context free.
//
// The flags do not modify the behavior of this function directly, however they
// are needed to pass along to checkProofOfWork.
func checkBlockHeaderSanity(header *wire.BlockHeader, timeSource MedianTimeSource, flags BehaviorFlags, chainParams *chaincfg.Params) error {
	// The stake validation height should always be at least stake enabled
	// height, so assert it because the code below relies on that assumption.
	stakeValidationHeight := uint32(chainParams.StakeValidationHeight)
	stakeEnabledHeight := uint32(chainParams.StakeEnabledHeight)
	if stakeEnabledHeight > stakeValidationHeight {
		return AssertError(fmt.Sprintf("checkBlockHeaderSanity called "+
			"with stake enabled height %d after stake validation "+
			"height %d", stakeEnabledHeight, stakeValidationHeight))
	}

	// Ensure the proof of work bits in the block header is in min/max
	// range and the block hash is less than the target value described by
	// the bits.
	err := checkProofOfWork(header, chainParams.PowLimit, flags)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// A block timestamp must not have a greater precision than one second.
	// This check is necessary because Go time.Time values support
	// nanosecond precision whereas the consensus rules only apply to
	// seconds and it's much nicer to deal with standard Go time values
	// instead of converting to seconds everywhere.
	if !header.Timestamp.Equal(time.Unix(header.Timestamp.Unix(), 0)) {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block timestamp of %v has a higher "+
			"precision than one second", header.Timestamp)
		return ruleError(ErrInvalidTime, str)
	}

	// Ensure the block time is not too far in the future.
	maxTimestamp := timeSource.AdjustedTime().Add(time.Second *
		MaxTimeOffsetSeconds)
	if header.Timestamp.After(maxTimestamp) {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block timestamp of %v is too far in the "+
			"future", header.Timestamp)
		return ruleError(ErrTimeTooNew, str)
	}

	// A block must not contain any votes or revocations, its vote bits
	// must be 0x0001, and its final state must be all zeroes before
	// stake validation begins.
	if header.Height < stakeValidationHeight {
		if header.Voters > 0 {
			errStr := fmt.Sprintf("block at height %d commits to "+
				"%d votes before stake validation height %d",
				header.Height, header.Voters,
				stakeValidationHeight)
			return ruleError(ErrInvalidEarlyStakeTx, errStr)
		}

		if header.Revocations > 0 {
			errStr := fmt.Sprintf("block at height %d commits to "+
				"%d revocations before stake validation height %d",
				header.Height, header.Revocations,
				stakeValidationHeight)
			return ruleError(ErrInvalidEarlyStakeTx, errStr)
		}

		if header.VoteBits != earlyVoteBitsValue {
			errStr := fmt.Sprintf("block at height %d commits to "+
				"invalid vote bits before stake validation "+
				"height %d (expected %x, got %x)",
				header.Height, stakeValidationHeight,
				earlyVoteBitsValue, header.VoteBits)
			return ruleError(ErrInvalidEarlyVoteBits, errStr)
		}

		if header.FinalState != earlyFinalState {
			errStr := fmt.Sprintf("block at height %d commits to "+
				"invalid final state before stake validation "+
				"height %d (expected %x, got %x)",
				header.Height, stakeValidationHeight,
				earlyFinalState, header.FinalState)
			return ruleError(ErrInvalidEarlyFinalState, errStr)
		}
	}

	// A block must not contain fewer votes than the minimum required to
	// reach majority once stake validation height has been reached.
	if header.Height >= stakeValidationHeight {
		majority := (chainParams.TicketsPerBlock / 2) + 1
		if header.Voters < majority {
			errStr := fmt.Sprintf("block does not commit to enough "+
				"votes (min: %d, got %d)", majority,
				header.Voters)
			return ruleError(ErrNotEnoughVotes, errStr)
		}
	}

	// The block header must not claim to contain more votes than the
	// maximum allowed.
	if header.Voters > chainParams.TicketsPerBlock {
		errStr := fmt.Sprintf("block commits to too many votes (max: "+
			"%d, got %d)", chainParams.TicketsPerBlock, header.Voters)
		return ruleError(ErrTooManyVotes, errStr)
	}

	// The block must not contain more ticket purchases than the maximum
	// allowed.
	if header.FreshStake > chainParams.MaxFreshStakePerBlock {
		errStr := fmt.Sprintf("block commits to too many ticket "+
			"purchases (max: %d, got %d)",
			chainParams.MaxFreshStakePerBlock, header.FreshStake)
		return ruleError(ErrTooManySStxs, errStr)
	}

	return nil
}

// checkBlockSanity performs some preliminary checks on a block to ensure it is
// sane before continuing with block processing.  These checks are context
// free.
//
// The flags do not modify the behavior of this function directly, however they
// are needed to pass along to checkBlockHeaderSanity.
func checkBlockSanity(block *dcrutil.Block, timeSource MedianTimeSource, flags BehaviorFlags, chainParams *chaincfg.Params) error {
	msgBlock := block.MsgBlock()
	header := &msgBlock.Header
	err := checkBlockHeaderSanity(header, timeSource, flags, chainParams)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// All ticket purchases must meet the difficulty specified by the block
	// header.
	err = checkProofOfStake(block, chainParams.MinimumStakeDiff)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// A block must have at least one regular transaction.
	numTx := len(msgBlock.Transactions)
	if numTx == 0 {
		return ruleError(ErrNoTransactions, "block does not contain "+
			"any transactions")
	}

	// A block must not exceed the maximum allowed block payload when
	// serialized.
	//
	// This is a quick and context-free sanity check of the maximum block
	// size according to the wire protocol.  Even though the wire protocol
	// already prevents blocks bigger than this limit, there are other
	// methods of receiving a block that might not have been checked
	// already.  A separate block size is enforced later that takes into
	// account the network-specific block size and the results of block
	// size votes.  Typically that block size is more restrictive than this
	// one.
	serializedSize := msgBlock.SerializeSize()
	if serializedSize > wire.MaxBlockPayload {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("serialized block is too big - got %d, "+
			"max %d", serializedSize, wire.MaxBlockPayload)
		return ruleError(ErrBlockTooBig, str)
	}
	if header.Size != uint32(serializedSize) {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("serialized block is not size indicated in "+
			"header - got %d, expected %d", header.Size,
			serializedSize)
		return ruleError(ErrWrongBlockSize, str)
	}

	// Do some preliminary checks on each regular transaction to ensure they
	// are sane.
	transactions := block.Transactions()
	for _, tx := range transactions {
		msgTx := tx.MsgTx()
		err := checkTransactionSanity(msgTx, chainParams)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	// Do some preliminary checks on stake transactions that do not require
	// additional context to determine their type to ensure they are sane while
	// tallying each type before continuing.
	var totalTickets int64
	for _, stx := range msgBlock.STransactions {
		err := checkTransactionSanity(stx, chainParams)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		if stake.IsSStx(stx) {
			totalTickets++
		}
	}

	// A block header must commit to the actual number of tickets purchases that
	// are in the block.
	if int64(header.FreshStake) != totalTickets {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block header commitment to %d ticket purchases "+
			"does not match %d contained in the block", header.FreshStake,
			totalTickets)
		return ruleError(ErrFreshStakeMismatch, str)
	}

	// Check for duplicate transactions.
	existingTxHashes := make(map[chainhash.Hash]struct{})
	stakeTransactions := block.STransactions()
	allTransactions := append(transactions, stakeTransactions...)
	for _, tx := range allTransactions {
		hash := tx.Hash()
		if _, exists := existingTxHashes[*hash]; exists {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains duplicate transaction %v", hash)
			return ruleError(ErrDuplicateTx, str)
		}
		existingTxHashes[*hash] = struct{}{}
	}

	return nil
}

// CheckBlockSanity performs some preliminary checks on a block to ensure it is
// sane before continuing with block processing.  These checks are context
// free.
func CheckBlockSanity(block *dcrutil.Block, timeSource MedianTimeSource, chainParams *chaincfg.Params) error {
	return checkBlockSanity(block, timeSource, BFNone, chainParams)
}

// isDCP0005Violation returns whether or not the block is known to violate
// DCP0005.  Due to a bug that has since been fixed, some blocks were accepted
// that violated DCP0005 by still being submitted on an old block version
// (version 6 on mainnet) when the majority of the network had already upgraded
// to the new version specified by DCP0005 (version 7 on mainnet).
//
// The blocks that violated DCP0005 due to specifying the old version were
// otherwise valid and are whitelisted by this function so that they will be
// accepted when fully syncing the chain without checkpoints.
func isDCP0005Violation(network wire.CurrencyNet, header *wire.BlockHeader, blockHash *chainhash.Hash) bool {
	switch network {
	case wire.MainNet:
		// 430191 is the height of the last block on mainnet that violated
		// DCP0005, so return false immediately if the height is greater than
		// that.
		if header.Height > 430191 {
			return false
		}

		// Return whether or not the block is any of the following 5 mainnet
		// blocks that are known to violate DCP0005.
		return header.Height == 413762 && *blockHash == *block413762Hash ||
			header.Height == 414036 && *blockHash == *block414036Hash ||
			header.Height == 424011 && *blockHash == *block424011Hash ||
			header.Height == 428809 && *blockHash == *block428809Hash ||
			header.Height == 430191 && *blockHash == *block430191Hash

	case wire.TestNet3:
		// 323282 is the height of the last block on testnet that violated
		// DCP0005.  Return true if the height is less than or equal to 323282
		// so that the DCP0005 version check is not enforced until after that
		// point.
		return header.Height <= 323282
	}

	return false
}

// checkBlockHeaderPositional performs several validation checks on the block
// header which depend on its position within the block chain and having the
// headers of all ancestors available.  These checks do not, and must not, rely
// on having the full block data of all ancestors available.
//
// The flags modify the behavior of this function as follows:
//  - BFFastAdd: All checks except those involving comparing the header against
//    the checkpoints and expected height are not performed.
//
// This function MUST be called with the chain state lock held (for reads).
func (b *BlockChain) checkBlockHeaderPositional(header *wire.BlockHeader, prevNode *blockNode, flags BehaviorFlags) error {
	// The genesis block is valid by definition.
	if prevNode == nil {
		return nil
	}

	fastAdd := flags&BFFastAdd == BFFastAdd
	if !fastAdd {
		// Ensure the difficulty specified in the block header matches
		// the calculated difficulty based on the previous block and
		// difficulty retarget rules.
		expDiff := b.calcNextRequiredDifficulty(prevNode, header.Timestamp)
		blockDifficulty := header.Bits
		if blockDifficulty != expDiff {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("block difficulty of %d is not the "+
				"expected value of %d", blockDifficulty, expDiff)
			return ruleError(ErrUnexpectedDifficulty, str)
		}

		// Ensure the timestamp for the block header is after the
		// median time of the last several blocks (medianTimeBlocks).
		medianTime := prevNode.CalcPastMedianTime()
		if !header.Timestamp.After(medianTime) {
			str := "block timestamp of %v is not after expected %v"
			str = fmt.Sprintf(str, header.Timestamp, medianTime)
			return ruleError(ErrTimeTooOld, str)
		}
	}

	// The height of this block is one more than the referenced previous
	// block.
	blockHeight := prevNode.height + 1

	// Ensure the header commits to the correct height based on the height it
	// actually connects in the blockchain.
	if int64(header.Height) != blockHeight {
		errStr := fmt.Sprintf("block header commitment to height %d "+
			"does not match chain height %d", header.Height,
			blockHeight)
		return ruleError(ErrBadBlockHeight, errStr)
	}

	// Prevent blocks that fork the main chain before the most recently known
	// checkpoint.  This prevents storage of new, otherwise valid, blocks which
	// build off of old blocks that are likely at a much easier difficulty and
	// therefore could be used to waste cache and disk space.
	checkpoint := b.checkpointNode
	blockHash := header.BlockHash()
	if checkpoint != nil && blockHeight < checkpoint.height &&
		(!prevNode.IsAncestorOf(checkpoint) ||
			b.index.LookupNode(&blockHash) == nil) {

		str := fmt.Sprintf("block at height %d forks the main chain before "+
			"the previous checkpoint at height %d", blockHeight,
			checkpoint.height)
		return ruleError(ErrForkTooOld, str)
	}

	// Ensure chain matches up to predetermined checkpoints.
	if !b.verifyCheckpoint(blockHeight, &blockHash) {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block at height %d does not match "+
			"checkpoint hash", blockHeight)
		return ruleError(ErrBadCheckpoint, str)
	}

	if !fastAdd {
		// Reject old version blocks once a majority of the network has
		// upgraded.
		//
		// Note that the latest block version for all networks other than the
		// main network is one higher.
		latestBlockVersion := int32(9)
		dcp0005Version := int32(7)
		if b.chainParams.Net != wire.MainNet {
			latestBlockVersion++
			dcp0005Version++
		}
		for version := latestBlockVersion; version > 1; version-- {
			// Skip the version check for blocks that are known to violate DCP0005.
			// See isDCP0005Violation for more details.
			if version == dcp0005Version &&
				isDCP0005Violation(b.chainParams.Net, header, &blockHash) {

				continue
			}

			if header.Version < version && b.isMajorityVersion(version,
				prevNode, b.chainParams.BlockRejectNumRequired) {

				str := "new blocks with version %d are no longer valid"
				str = fmt.Sprintf(str, header.Version)
				return ruleError(ErrBlockVersionTooOld, str)
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// checkBlockDataPositional performs several validation checks on the block data
// (not including the header) which depend on its position within the block
// chain and having the headers of all ancestors available.  These checks do
// not, and must not, rely on having the full block data of all ancestors
// available.
//
// The flags modify the behavior of this function as follows:
//  - BFFastAdd: The transactions are not checked to see if they are expired.
//
// This function MUST be called with the chain state lock held (for reads).
func (b *BlockChain) checkBlockDataPositional(block *dcrutil.Block, prevNode *blockNode, flags BehaviorFlags) error {
	// The genesis block is valid by definition.
	if prevNode == nil {
		return nil
	}

	fastAdd := flags&BFFastAdd == BFFastAdd
	if !fastAdd {
		// The height of this block is one more than the referenced previous
		// block.
		blockHeight := prevNode.height + 1

		// Ensure all transactions in the block are not expired.
		for _, tx := range block.Transactions() {
			if IsExpired(tx, blockHeight) {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains expired regular "+
					"transaction %v (expiration height %d)", tx.Hash(),
					tx.MsgTx().Expiry)
				return ruleError(ErrExpiredTx, str)
			}
		}
		for _, stx := range block.STransactions() {
			if IsExpired(stx, blockHeight) {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains expired stake "+
					"transaction %v (expiration height %d)", stx.Hash(),
					stx.MsgTx().Expiry)
				return ruleError(ErrExpiredTx, str)
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// checkBlockPositional performs several validation checks on the block (both
// its header and data) which depend on its position within the block chain and
// having the headers of all ancestors available.  These checks do not, and must
// not, rely on having the full block data of all ancestors available.
//
// The flags do not modify the behavior of this function directly, however they
// are needed to pass along to checkBlockHeaderPositional and
// checkBlockDataPositional.
func (b *BlockChain) checkBlockPositional(block *dcrutil.Block, prevNode *blockNode, flags BehaviorFlags) error {
	// The genesis block is valid by definition.
	if prevNode == nil {
		return nil
	}

	// Perform all block header related validation checks that depend on its
	// position within the block chain and having the headers of all
	// ancestors available, but do not rely on having the full block data of
	// all ancestors available.
	header := &block.MsgBlock().Header
	err := b.checkBlockHeaderPositional(header, prevNode, flags)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Perform all block data related validation checks that depend on its
	// position within the block chain and having the headers of all ancestors
	// available, but do not rely on having the full block data of all ancestors
	// available.
	return b.checkBlockDataPositional(block, prevNode, flags)
}

// checkBlockHeaderContext performs several validation checks on the block
// header which depend on having the full block data for all of its ancestors
// available.  This includes checks which depend on tallying the results of
// votes, because votes are part of the block data.
//
// It should be noted that rule changes that have become buried deep enough
// typically will eventually be transitioned to using well-known activation
// points for efficiency purposes at which point the associated checks no longer
// require having direct access to the historical votes, and therefore may be
// transitioned to checkBlockHeaderPositional at that time.  Conversely, any
// checks in that function which become conditional based on the results of a
// vote will necessarily need to be transitioned to this function.
//
// The flags modify the behavior of this function as follows:
//  - BFFastAdd: No check are performed.
//
// This function MUST be called with the chain state lock held (for writes).
func (b *BlockChain) checkBlockHeaderContext(header *wire.BlockHeader, prevNode *blockNode, flags BehaviorFlags) error {
	// The genesis block is valid by definition.
	if prevNode == nil {
		return nil
	}

	fastAdd := flags&BFFastAdd == BFFastAdd
	if !fastAdd {
		// Ensure the stake difficulty specified in the block header
		// matches the calculated difficulty based on the previous block
		// and difficulty retarget rules.
		expSDiff, err := b.calcNextRequiredStakeDifficulty(prevNode)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if header.SBits != expSDiff {
			errStr := fmt.Sprintf("block stake difficulty of %d "+
				"is not the expected value of %d", header.SBits,
				expSDiff)
			return ruleError(ErrUnexpectedDifficulty, errStr)
		}

		// Enforce the stake version in the header once a majority of
		// the network has upgraded to version 3 blocks.
		if header.Version >= 3 && b.isMajorityVersion(3, prevNode,
			b.chainParams.BlockEnforceNumRequired) {

			expectedStakeVer := b.calcStakeVersion(prevNode)
			if header.StakeVersion != expectedStakeVer {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("block stake version of %d "+
					"is not the expected version of %d",
					header.StakeVersion, expectedStakeVer)
				return ruleError(ErrBadStakeVersion, str)
			}
		}

		// Ensure the header commits to the correct pool size based on
		// its position within the chain.
		parentStakeNode, err := b.fetchStakeNode(prevNode)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		calcPoolSize := uint32(parentStakeNode.PoolSize())
		if header.PoolSize != calcPoolSize {
			errStr := fmt.Sprintf("block header commitment to "+
				"pool size %d does not match expected size %d",
				header.PoolSize, calcPoolSize)
			return ruleError(ErrPoolSize, errStr)
		}

		// Ensure the header commits to the correct final state of the
		// ticket lottery.
		calcFinalState := parentStakeNode.FinalState()
		if header.FinalState != calcFinalState {
			errStr := fmt.Sprintf("block header commitment to "+
				"final state of the ticket lottery %x does not "+
				"match expected value %x", header.FinalState,
				calcFinalState)
			return ruleError(ErrInvalidFinalState, errStr)
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// checkCoinbaseUniqueHeight checks to ensure that for all blocks height > 1 the
// coinbase contains the height encoding to make coinbase hash collisions
// impossible.
func checkCoinbaseUniqueHeight(blockHeight int64, block *dcrutil.Block, treasuryEnabled bool) error {
	// Block 0 and 1 are special and don't need the coinbase height checks.
	if blockHeight < 2 {
		return nil
	}

	// Choose the correct output that encodes the height depending on whether
	// or not the treasury agenda is active.
	//
	// Prior to activation of the agenda, output 0 is the project subsidy and
	// output 1 encodes the height.  Once the agenda is active, the project
	// subsidy is moved to the treasurybase in the stake tree and thus output 0
	// then encodes the height.
	nullDataOutIdx := 1
	if treasuryEnabled {
		nullDataOutIdx = 0
	}

	// There must be at least enough outputs to contain the one that encodes the
	// height.
	coinbaseTx := block.MsgBlock().Transactions[0]
	if len(coinbaseTx.TxOut) < nullDataOutIdx+1 {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block %s is missing required coinbase outputs ("+
			"num outputs: %d, min required: %d)", block.Hash(),
			len(coinbaseTx.TxOut), nullDataOutIdx+1)
		return ruleError(ErrFirstTxNotCoinbase, str)
	}

	// Only version 0 scripts are currently valid.
	const scriptVersion = 0
	nullDataOut := coinbaseTx.TxOut[nullDataOutIdx]
	if nullDataOut.Version != scriptVersion {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block %s coinbase output %d script version %d is "+
			"not the required version %d", block.Hash(), nullDataOutIdx,
			nullDataOut.Version, scriptVersion)
		return ruleError(ErrFirstTxNotCoinbase, str)
	}

	// The nulldata in the coinbase must be a single OP_RETURN followed by a
	// data push up to maxUniqueCoinbaseNullDataSize bytes and the first 4 bytes
	// of that data must be the encoded height of the block so that every
	// coinbase created has a unique transaction hash.
	//
	// NOTE: This is intentionally not using script type determination functions
	// from stdscript because those are specifically for standardness checks
	// which can change over time and this function enforces consensus rules.
	//
	// Also of note is that technically normal nulldata scripts support encoding
	// numbers via small opcodes, however, for legacy reasons, the consensus
	// rules require the block height to be encoded as a 4-byte little-endian
	// uint32 pushed via a normal data push, as opposed to using the normal
	// number handling semantics of scripts, so this is specialized to
	// accommodate that.
	var nullData []byte
	pkScript := nullDataOut.PkScript
	if len(pkScript) > 1 && pkScript[0] == txscript.OP_RETURN {
		tokenizer := txscript.MakeScriptTokenizer(scriptVersion, pkScript[1:])
		if tokenizer.Next() && tokenizer.Done() && tokenizer.Opcode() <=
			txscript.OP_PUSHDATA4 {

			nullData = tokenizer.Data()
		}
	}
	if len(nullData) > maxUniqueCoinbaseNullDataSize {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block %s coinbase output %d pushes %d bytes which "+
			"is more than allowed value of %d", block.Hash(), nullDataOutIdx,
			len(nullData), maxUniqueCoinbaseNullDataSize)
		return ruleError(ErrFirstTxNotCoinbase, str)
	}
	if len(nullData) < 4 {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block %s coinbase output %d pushes %d bytes which "+
			"is too short to encode height", block.Hash(), nullDataOutIdx,
			len(nullData))
		return ruleError(ErrFirstTxNotCoinbase, str)
	}

	// Check the height and ensure it is correct.
	cbHeight := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(nullData[0:4])
	if cbHeight != uint32(blockHeight) {
		header := &block.MsgBlock().Header
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block %s coinbase output %d encodes height %d "+
			"instead of expected height %d (prev block: %s, header height %d)",
			block.Hash(), nullDataOutIdx, cbHeight, uint32(blockHeight),
			header.PrevBlock, header.Height)
		return ruleError(ErrCoinbaseHeight, str)
	}

	return nil
}

// checkTreasurybaseUniqueHeight ensures that for all blocks height > 1 the
// treasurybase contains the height encoding to make treasurybase hash
// collisions impossible.
func checkTreasurybaseUniqueHeight(blockHeight int64, block *dcrutil.Block) error {
	// Block 0 and 1 are special and don't need the treasurybase height checks.
	if blockHeight < 2 {
		return nil
	}

	if len(block.MsgBlock().STransactions) == 0 {
		return AssertError(fmt.Sprintf("checkTreasurybaseUniqueHeight must be "+
			"called with a block that has already been verified to have at "+
			"least one stake transaction (block %s)", block.Hash()))
	}

	// Treasurybase output 0 is the subsidy and output 1 encodes the height.
	const nullDataOutIdx = 1
	trsybaseTx := block.MsgBlock().STransactions[0]
	if len(trsybaseTx.TxOut) < nullDataOutIdx+1 {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block %s is missing required OP_RETURN output ("+
			"num outputs: %d, min required: %d) ", block.Hash(),
			len(trsybaseTx.TxOut), nullDataOutIdx+1)
		return ruleError(ErrFirstTxNotTreasurybase, str)
	}

	// Only version 0 scripts are currently valid.
	const scriptVersion = 0
	nullDataOut := trsybaseTx.TxOut[nullDataOutIdx]
	if nullDataOut.Version != scriptVersion {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block %s treasurybase output %d script version %d "+
			"is not the required version %d", block.Hash(), nullDataOutIdx,
			nullDataOut.Version, scriptVersion)
		return ruleError(ErrFirstTxNotTreasurybase, str)
	}

	// The nulldata in the treasurybase must be a single OP_RETURN followed by a
	// data push of 12 bytes which encodes the height of the block followed by
	// random data.
	//
	// NOTE: This is intentionally not using script type determination functions
	// from stdscript because those are specifically for standardness checks
	// which can change over time and this function enforces consensus rules.
	//
	// Also of note is that technically normal nulldata scripts support encoding
	// numbers via small opcodes, however, for legacy reasons, the consensus
	// rules require the block height to be encoded as a 4-byte little-endian
	// uint32 pushed via a normal data push, as opposed to using the normal
	// number handling semantics of scripts, so this is specialized to
	// accommodate that.
	var nullData []byte
	pkScript := nullDataOut.PkScript
	if len(pkScript) == 14 && pkScript[0] == txscript.OP_RETURN &&
		pkScript[1] == txscript.OP_DATA_12 {

		nullData = pkScript[2:6] // Encoded height.
	}
	if len(nullData) != 4 {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block %s treasurybase output %d is invalid",
			block.Hash(), nullDataOutIdx)
		return ruleError(ErrTreasurybaseTxNotOpReturn, str)
	}

	// Check the height and ensure it is correct.
	encodedHeight := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(nullData[0:4])
	if encodedHeight != uint32(blockHeight) {
		header := &block.MsgBlock().Header
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block %s treasurybase output %d encodes height %d "+
			"instead of expected height %d (prev block: %s, header height %d)",
			block.Hash(), nullDataOutIdx, encodedHeight, uint32(blockHeight),
			header.PrevBlock, header.Height)
		return ruleError(ErrTreasurybaseHeight, str)
	}

	return nil
}

// checkTicketRedeemers performs validation of all votes and revocations in the
// block.  The validation rules include:
//   - Votes MUST spend tickets that are actually allowed to vote per the
//     lottery
//   - Revocations MUST spend tickets that were missed or have expired
//   - If the automatic ticket revocations agenda is active, then the block MUST
//     contain revocation transactions for all tickets that will become missed
//     or expired as of that block
//
// This function is safe for concurrent access.
func checkTicketRedeemers(voteTicketHashes, revocationTicketHashes, winners,
	expiringNextBlock []chainhash.Hash,
	existsMissedTicket func(ticket chainhash.Hash) bool, isTreasuryEnabled,
	isAutoRevocationsEnabled bool) error {

	// Determine the winning ticket hashes and create a map that tracks whether
	// a vote exists in the block for each winning hash.
	winningHashes := make(map[chainhash.Hash]bool, len(winners))
	for _, ticketHash := range winners {
		winningHashes[ticketHash] = false
	}

	// Iterate through all votes in the block, validate that they are spending
	// tickets that are eligible to vote, and mark the corresponding winning hash
	// as voted in the winning hashes map.
	for _, voteTicketHash := range voteTicketHashes {
		// Ensure the ticket being spent is actually eligible to vote in this block.
		if _, ok := winningHashes[voteTicketHash]; !ok {
			errStr := fmt.Sprintf("block contains vote for "+
				"ineligible ticket %s (eligible tickets: %s)",
				voteTicketHash, winners)
			return ruleError(ErrTicketUnavailable, errStr)
		}

		// Mark that a vote exists for the ticket hash.
		winningHashes[voteTicketHash] = true
	}

	// Create a map of the ticket hashes that will become missed as of the block.
	missedTicketHashes := make(map[chainhash.Hash]struct{}, len(winningHashes))
	for ticketHash, hasVote := range winningHashes {
		// If a winning ticket does not have a vote in this block, it will be
		// missed.
		if !hasVote {
			missedTicketHashes[ticketHash] = struct{}{}
		}
	}
	numMissed := len(missedTicketHashes)

	// Create a map of the ticket hashes that will become expired as of the block.
	numExpiring := len(expiringNextBlock)
	expiringTicketHashes := make(map[chainhash.Hash]struct{}, numExpiring)
	for _, ticketHash := range expiringNextBlock {
		expiringTicketHashes[ticketHash] = struct{}{}
	}

	// Create a map of the ticket hashes that are being revoked in the block.
	revokedTicketHashes := make(map[chainhash.Hash]struct{},
		numMissed+numExpiring)

	// Iterate through all revocations in the block, validate that they are
	// spending tickets that are eligible to be revoked, and add the revocation
	// to the revocations map.
	for _, revocationTicketHash := range revocationTicketHashes {
		// Determine if the ticket being revoked will become missed or expired as of
		// this block.
		_, missedInBlock := missedTicketHashes[revocationTicketHash]
		_, expiringInBlock := expiringTicketHashes[revocationTicketHash]
		missedOrExpiredInBlock := missedInBlock || expiringInBlock

		// Ensure the ticket being spent is actually eligible to be revoked in this
		// block.  If the automatic ticket revocations agenda is active, then
		// revocations are allowed if the ticket will become missed or expired as of
		// this block.
		eligible := (isAutoRevocationsEnabled && missedOrExpiredInBlock) ||
			existsMissedTicket(revocationTicketHash)
		if !eligible {
			errStr := fmt.Sprintf("block contains revocation of ineligible ticket %s",
				revocationTicketHash)
			return ruleError(ErrInvalidSSRtx, errStr)
		}

		// Add the ticket hash to the revoked hashes map.
		revokedTicketHashes[revocationTicketHash] = struct{}{}
	}

	// If the automatic ticket revocations agenda is active, then the block MUST
	// contain revocation transactions for all tickets that will become missed or
	// expired as of this block.
	if isAutoRevocationsEnabled {
		// Check that the block contains revocations for the tickets that will
		// become missed as of this block.
		for ticketHash := range missedTicketHashes {
			if _, ok := revokedTicketHashes[ticketHash]; !ok {
				errStr := fmt.Sprintf("block does not contain a revocation for ticket "+
					"that is becoming missed as of this block: %s", ticketHash)
				return ruleError(ErrNoMissedTicketRevocation, errStr)
			}
		}

		// Check that the block contains revocations for the tickets that will
		// become expired as of this block.
		for ticketHash := range expiringTicketHashes {
			if _, ok := revokedTicketHashes[ticketHash]; !ok {
				errStr := fmt.Sprintf("block does not contain a revocation for ticket "+
					"that is becoming expired as of this block: %s", ticketHash)
				return ruleError(ErrNoExpiredTicketRevocation, errStr)
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// checkMerkleRoots validates the merkle root(s) in the block header match the
// calculated value(s).
//
// Prior to the activation of the header commitments agenda, the regular
// transaction tree must match the merkle root field and the stake transaction
// tree must match the stake root field.
//
// Conversely, when the header commitments agenda is active, the merkle root
// field of the header is required to be the root of a merkle tree that has the
// individual merkle roots of the two transaction trees as leaves.
//
// This function MUST be called with the chain state lock held (for writes).
func (b *BlockChain) checkMerkleRoots(block *wire.MsgBlock, prevNode *blockNode) error {
	header := &block.Header

	hdrCommitmentsActive, err := b.isHeaderCommitmentsAgendaActive(prevNode)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if hdrCommitmentsActive {
		// Build the two merkle trees and use their calculated merkle roots as
		// leaves to another merkle tree and ensure the final calculated merkle
		// root matches the entry in the block header.
		wantMerkleRoot := standalone.CalcCombinedTxTreeMerkleRoot(
			block.Transactions, block.STransactions)
		if header.MerkleRoot != wantMerkleRoot {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("block merkle root is invalid - block header "+
				"indicates %v, but calculated value is %v", header.MerkleRoot,
				wantMerkleRoot)
			return ruleError(ErrBadMerkleRoot, str)
		}

		return nil
	}

	// Fall back to the old behavior.

	// Build merkle tree and ensure the calculated merkle root matches the
	// entry in the block header.
	wantMerkleRoot := standalone.CalcTxTreeMerkleRoot(block.Transactions)
	if header.MerkleRoot != wantMerkleRoot {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block merkle root is invalid - block header "+
			"indicates %v, but calculated value is %v", header.MerkleRoot,
			wantMerkleRoot)
		return ruleError(ErrBadMerkleRoot, str)
	}

	// Build the stake tx tree merkle root too and check it.
	wantStakeRoot := standalone.CalcTxTreeMerkleRoot(block.STransactions)
	if header.StakeRoot != wantStakeRoot {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block stake merkle root is invalid - block header "+
			"indicates %v, but calculated value is %v", header.StakeRoot,
			wantStakeRoot)
		return ruleError(ErrBadMerkleRoot, str)
	}

	return nil
}

// checkBlockContext performs several validation checks on the block which
// depend on having the full block data for all of its ancestors available.
// This includes checks which depend on tallying the results of votes, because
// votes are part of the block data.
//
// It should be noted that rule changes that have become buried deep enough
// typically will eventually be transitioned to using well-known activation
// points for efficiency purposes at which point the associated checks no longer
// require having direct access to the historical votes, and therefore may be
// transitioned to checkBlockPositional at that time.  Conversely, any checks in
// that function which become conditional based on the results of a vote will
// necessarily need to be transitioned to this function.
//
// The flags modify the behavior of this function as follows:
//  - BFFastAdd:
//      - The max block size is not checked
//      - The calculated merkle root(s) of the transaction trees are not checked
//        against the associated entries in the header
//      - Transactions are not checked to see if they are finalized
//      - The included votes, revocations, and treasury spend transactions are
//        not verified to be allowed
//
// The flags are also passed to checkBlockHeaderContext.  See its documentation
// for how the flags modify its behavior.
func (b *BlockChain) checkBlockContext(block *dcrutil.Block, prevNode *blockNode, flags BehaviorFlags) error {
	// The genesis block is valid by definition.
	if prevNode == nil {
		return nil
	}

	// No need to check the block again when it has already been checked.
	if b.recentContextChecks.Contains(*block.Hash()) {
		return nil
	}

	// Perform all block header related validation checks which depend on
	// having the full block data for all of its ancestors available.
	msgBlock := block.MsgBlock()
	header := &msgBlock.Header
	err := b.checkBlockHeaderContext(header, prevNode, flags)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Create agenda flags for checking transactions based on which ones are
	// active as of the block being checked.
	checkTxFlags, err := b.determineCheckTxFlags(prevNode)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	isTreasuryEnabled := checkTxFlags.IsTreasuryEnabled()
	isAutoRevocationsEnabled := checkTxFlags.IsAutoRevocationsEnabled()

	// The first transaction in a block's regular tree must be a coinbase.
	if !standalone.IsCoinBaseTx(msgBlock.Transactions[0], isTreasuryEnabled) {
		str := "first transaction in block is not a coinbase"
		return ruleError(ErrFirstTxNotCoinbase, str)
	}

	// The height of this block is one more than the referenced previous block.
	blockHeight := prevNode.height + 1

	// Ensure the coinbase contains the block height encoded in the expected
	// output depending on its version.
	err = checkCoinbaseUniqueHeight(blockHeight, block, isTreasuryEnabled)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if isTreasuryEnabled {
		// The first transaction in a block's stake tree must be a treasurybase.
		if len(msgBlock.STransactions) == 0 ||
			!standalone.IsTreasuryBase(msgBlock.STransactions[0]) {

			str := "first transaction in stake tree is not a treasurybase"
			return ruleError(ErrFirstTxNotTreasurybase, str)
		}

		// Ensure the treasurybase contains the block height encoded in the
		// expected output.
		err := checkTreasurybaseUniqueHeight(blockHeight, block)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	for txIdx, tx := range msgBlock.Transactions {
		// Perform additional contextual validation checks on each regular
		// transaction.
		err := checkTransactionContext(tx, b.chainParams, checkTxFlags)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// A block must not have more than one coinbase.
		if txIdx > 0 && standalone.IsCoinBaseTx(tx, isTreasuryEnabled) {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains second coinbase at index %d",
				txIdx)
			return ruleError(ErrMultipleCoinbases, str)
		}

		// A block must not have stake transactions in the regular transaction
		// tree.
		txType := stake.DetermineTxType(tx, isTreasuryEnabled,
			isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
		if txType != stake.TxTypeRegular {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains a stake transaction in the "+
				"regular transaction tree at index %d", txIdx)
			return ruleError(ErrStakeTxInRegularTree, str)
		}
	}

	for txIdx, stx := range msgBlock.STransactions {
		// Perform additional contextual validation checks on each stake
		// transaction.
		err := checkTransactionContext(stx, b.chainParams, checkTxFlags)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// A block must not have more than one treasurybase when the treasury
		// agenda is active.
		if txIdx > 0 && isTreasuryEnabled && standalone.IsTreasuryBase(stx) {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains second treasurybase at index %d",
				txIdx)
			return ruleError(ErrMultipleTreasurybases, str)
		}
	}

	// Do some preliminary checks on stake transactions and tally how many of
	// each type there are as well as the number of yes votes approving the
	// previous block.
	//
	// Also, in the case the treasury agenda is active and there are one or more
	// treasury spend transactions, keep track of them for use below.
	stakeValidationHeight := uint32(b.chainParams.StakeValidationHeight)
	var totalTickets, totalVotes, totalRevocations int64
	var totalTreasuryAdd, totalTreasurySpend, totalTreasurybase int64
	var totalYesVotes int64
	var treasurySpendTxns []*wire.MsgTx
	for txIdx, stx := range msgBlock.STransactions {
		// A block must not have regular transactions in the stake transaction
		// tree.
		txType := stake.DetermineTxType(stx, isTreasuryEnabled,
			isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
		if txType == stake.TxTypeRegular {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains regular transaction in stake "+
				"transaction tree at index %d", txIdx)
			return ruleError(ErrRegTxInStakeTree, str)
		}

		switch txType {
		case stake.TxTypeSStx:
			totalTickets++

		case stake.TxTypeSSGen:
			totalVotes++

			// All votes in a block must commit to the parent of the block once
			// stake validation height has been reached.
			if header.Height >= stakeValidationHeight {
				votedHash, votedHeight := stake.SSGenBlockVotedOn(stx)
				if (votedHash != header.PrevBlock) || (votedHeight !=
					header.Height-1) {

					str := fmt.Sprintf("vote %s at index %d is for parent "+
						"block %s (height %d) versus expected parent block %s "+
						"(height %d)", stx.TxHash(), txIdx, votedHash,
						votedHeight, header.PrevBlock, header.Height-1)
					return ruleError(ErrVotesOnWrongBlock, str)
				}

				// Tally how many votes approve the previous block for use when
				// validating the header commitment.
				if voteBitsApproveParent(stake.SSGenVoteBits(stx)) {
					totalYesVotes++
				}
			}

		case stake.TxTypeSSRtx:
			totalRevocations++
		}

		// Count treasury-related stake transactions when the agenda is active.
		if isTreasuryEnabled {
			switch txType {
			case stake.TxTypeTAdd:
				totalTreasuryAdd++

			case stake.TxTypeTSpend:
				totalTreasurySpend++
				treasurySpendTxns = append(treasurySpendTxns, stx)

			case stake.TxTypeTreasuryBase:
				totalTreasurybase++
			}
		}
	}

	// A block must not contain more than the maximum allowed number of treasury
	// add transactions.
	if totalTreasuryAdd > MaxTAddsPerBlock {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains %d treasury adds which exceeds the "+
			"maximum allowed amount of %d", totalTreasuryAdd, MaxTAddsPerBlock)
		return ruleError(ErrTooManyTAdds, str)
	}

	// A block must only contain stake transactions of the allowed types.
	//
	// NOTE: This is not possible to hit at the time this comment was written
	// because all transactions which are not specifically one of the recognized
	// stake transaction forms are considered regular transactions and those are
	// rejected above.  However, if a new stake transaction type is added, that
	// implicit condition would no longer hold and therefore an explicit check
	// is performed here.
	numStakeTx := int64(len(msgBlock.STransactions))
	expectedNumStakeTx := totalTickets + totalVotes + totalRevocations +
		totalTreasuryAdd + totalTreasurySpend + totalTreasurybase
	if numStakeTx != expectedNumStakeTx {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains an unexpected number of stake "+
			"transactions (contains %d, expected %d)", numStakeTx,
			expectedNumStakeTx)
		return ruleError(ErrNonstandardStakeTx, str)
	}

	// A block header must commit to the actual number of votes that are in the
	// block.
	if int64(header.Voters) != totalVotes {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block header commitment to %d votes does not "+
			"match %d contained in the block", header.Voters, totalVotes)
		return ruleError(ErrVotesMismatch, str)
	}

	// A block header must commit to the same previous block acceptance
	// semantics expressed by the votes once stake validation height has been
	// reached.
	if header.Height >= stakeValidationHeight {
		totalNoVotes := totalVotes - totalYesVotes
		headerApproves := headerApprovesParent(header)
		votesApprove := totalYesVotes > totalNoVotes
		if headerApproves != votesApprove {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("block header commitment to previous block "+
				"approval does not match votes (header claims: %v, votes: %v)",
				headerApproves, votesApprove)
			return ruleError(ErrIncongruentVotebit, str)
		}
	}

	// A block must not contain anything other than ticket purchases and
	// treasury transactions (when agenda is enabled) prior to stake validation
	// height.
	if header.Height < stakeValidationHeight {
		numExpected := totalTickets + totalTreasuryAdd + totalTreasurybase
		if int64(len(msgBlock.STransactions)) != numExpected {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains disallowed stake transactions "+
				"before stake validation height %d (total: %d, expected %d)",
				stakeValidationHeight, len(msgBlock.STransactions), numExpected)
			return ruleError(ErrInvalidEarlyStakeTx, str)
		}
	}

	// A block must not contain more than the maximum allowed number of
	// revocations.
	if totalRevocations > maxRevocationsPerBlock {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains %d revocations which exceeds the "+
			"maximum allowed amount of %d", totalRevocations,
			maxRevocationsPerBlock)
		return ruleError(ErrTooManyRevocations, str)
	}

	// A block header must commit to the actual number of revocations that
	// are in the block.
	if int64(header.Revocations) != totalRevocations {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block header commitment to %d revocations does "+
			"not match %d contained in the block", header.Revocations,
			totalRevocations)
		return ruleError(ErrRevocationsMismatch, str)
	}

	// The number of signature operations must be less than the maximum allowed
	// per block.
	totalSigOps := 0
	regularTxns := block.Transactions()
	stakeTxns := block.STransactions()
	allTxns := make([]*dcrutil.Tx, 0, len(regularTxns)+len(stakeTxns))
	allTxns = append(allTxns, regularTxns...)
	allTxns = append(allTxns, stakeTxns...)
	for _, tx := range allTxns {
		msgTx := tx.MsgTx()

		// We could potentially overflow the accumulator so check for overflow.
		lastSigOps := totalSigOps
		isCoinBase := standalone.IsCoinBaseTx(msgTx, isTreasuryEnabled)
		isSSGen := stake.IsSSGen(msgTx, isTreasuryEnabled)
		totalSigOps += CountSigOps(tx, isCoinBase, isSSGen, isTreasuryEnabled)
		if totalSigOps < lastSigOps || totalSigOps > MaxSigOpsPerBlock {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains too many signature operations "+
				"- got %v, max %v", totalSigOps, MaxSigOpsPerBlock)
			return ruleError(ErrTooManySigOps, str)
		}
	}

	fastAdd := flags&BFFastAdd == BFFastAdd
	if !fastAdd {
		// A block must not exceed the maximum allowed size as defined by the
		// network parameters and the current status of any hard fork votes to
		// change it when serialized.
		maxBlockSize, err := b.maxBlockSize(prevNode)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		serializedSize := int64(block.MsgBlock().Header.Size)
		if serializedSize > maxBlockSize {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("serialized block is too big - got %d, max %d",
				serializedSize, maxBlockSize)
			return ruleError(ErrBlockTooBig, str)
		}

		// The calculated merkle root(s) of the transaction trees must match
		// the associated entries in the header.
		err = b.checkMerkleRoots(block.MsgBlock(), prevNode)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// Switch to using the past median time of the block prior to the block
		// being checked for all checks related to lock times once the stake
		// vote for the agenda is active.
		blockTime := header.Timestamp
		lnFeaturesActive, err := b.isLNFeaturesAgendaActive(prevNode)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if lnFeaturesActive {
			blockTime = prevNode.CalcPastMedianTime()
		}

		// Ensure all transactions in the block are finalized.
		for _, tx := range block.Transactions() {
			if !IsFinalizedTransaction(tx, blockHeight, blockTime) {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains unfinalized regular "+
					"transaction %v", tx.Hash())
				return ruleError(ErrUnfinalizedTx, str)
			}
		}
		for _, stx := range block.STransactions() {
			if !IsFinalizedTransaction(stx, blockHeight, blockTime) {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains unfinalized stake "+
					"transaction %v", stx.Hash())
				return ruleError(ErrUnfinalizedTx, str)

			}
		}

		// Ensure that all votes are only for winning tickets and all
		// revocations are actually eligible to be revoked once stake validation
		// height has been reached.
		if header.Height >= stakeValidationHeight {
			parentStakeNode, err := b.fetchStakeNode(prevNode)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			// Create slices of the ticket hashes that votes and revocations are
			// spending in the block.
			ticketsPerBlock := b.chainParams.TicketsPerBlock
			voteTicketHashes := make([]chainhash.Hash, 0, ticketsPerBlock)
			revocationTicketHashes := make([]chainhash.Hash, 0, ticketsPerBlock)
			for _, stx := range block.MsgBlock().STransactions {
				// Append vote ticket hashes.
				if stake.IsSSGen(stx, isTreasuryEnabled) {
					ticketHash := stx.TxIn[1].PreviousOutPoint.Hash
					voteTicketHashes = append(voteTicketHashes, ticketHash)

					continue
				}

				// Append revocation ticket hashes.
				if stake.IsSSRtx(stx, isAutoRevocationsEnabled) {
					ticketHash := stx.TxIn[0].PreviousOutPoint.Hash
					revocationTicketHashes = append(revocationTicketHashes, ticketHash)

					continue
				}
			}

			// Validate that all votes and revocations in the block are redeeming
			// tickets according to consensus rules.
			err = checkTicketRedeemers(voteTicketHashes, revocationTicketHashes,
				parentStakeNode.Winners(), parentStakeNode.ExpiringNextBlock(),
				parentStakeNode.ExistsMissedTicket, isTreasuryEnabled,
				isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}

		// Treasury spend transactions must only be present in blocks that fall
		// on a treasury voting interval (TVI) after a full voting window is
		// possible.  Treasury spend transactions are not allowed before a full
		// voting window is possible since it is not possible for them to have
		// the required number of votes at that point.
		//
		// Also, blocks 0 and 1 are special, so they must be exempted.
		if isTreasuryEnabled && blockHeight > 1 {
			tvi := b.chainParams.TreasuryVoteInterval
			isTVI := standalone.IsTreasuryVoteInterval(uint64(blockHeight), tvi)
			if !isTVI && len(treasurySpendTxns) != 0 {
				tx := treasurySpendTxns[0]
				curHeight := uint64(blockHeight)
				nextTVI := curHeight + (tvi - (curHeight % tvi))
				str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains treasury spend %s while "+
					"not on a treasury vote interval (block height: %d, next "+
					"TVI: %d)", tx.TxHash(), blockHeight, nextTVI)
				return ruleError(ErrNotTVI, str)
			}

			if isTVI {
				minRequiredExpiry := 2 + uint64(stakeValidationHeight) +
					tvi*b.chainParams.TreasuryVoteIntervalMultiplier
				for _, tx := range treasurySpendTxns {
					if uint64(tx.Expiry) < minRequiredExpiry {
						str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains treasury spend "+
							"transaction %s before a full voting window is "+
							"possible (height: %d, expiry: %d, min required "+
							"expiry: %d)", tx.TxHash(), blockHeight, tx.Expiry,
							minRequiredExpiry)
						return ruleError(ErrInvalidTVoteWindow, str)
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// checkDupTxs ensures blocks do not contain duplicate transactions which
// 'overwrite' older transactions that are not fully spent.  This prevents an
// attack where a coinbase and all of its dependent transactions could be
// duplicated to effectively revert the overwritten transactions to a single
// confirmation thereby making them vulnerable to a double spend.
//
// For more details, see https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0030 and
// http://r6.ca/blog/20120206T005236Z.html.
//
// Decred: Check the stake transactions to make sure they don't have this txid
// too.
func (b *BlockChain) checkDupTxs(txSet []*dcrutil.Tx, view *UtxoViewpoint, tree int8) error {
	if !checkForDuplicateHashes {
		return nil
	}

	// Fetch utxos for all of the transaction outputs in this block.
	// Typically, there will not be any utxos for any of the outputs.
	filteredSet := make(ViewFilteredSet)
	for _, tx := range txSet {
		outpoint := wire.OutPoint{Hash: *tx.Hash(), Tree: tree}
		for txOutIdx := range tx.MsgTx().TxOut {
			outpoint.Index = uint32(txOutIdx)
			filteredSet.add(view, &outpoint)
		}
	}
	err := view.fetchUtxosMain(filteredSet)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Duplicate transaction outputs are only allowed if the previous
	// transaction output is spent.
	for _, tx := range txSet {
		outpoint := wire.OutPoint{Hash: *tx.Hash(), Tree: tree}
		for txOutIdx := range tx.MsgTx().TxOut {
			outpoint.Index = uint32(txOutIdx)
			entry := view.LookupEntry(outpoint)
			if entry != nil && !entry.IsSpent() {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("tried to overwrite transaction output %v "+
					"at block height %d that is not spent",
					outpoint, entry.BlockHeight())
				return ruleError(ErrOverwriteTx, str)
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// extractStakePubKeyHash extracts a pubkey hash from the passed public key
// script if it is a standard pay-to-pubkey-hash script tagged with the provided
// stake opcode.  It will return nil otherwise.
func extractStakePubKeyHash(script []byte, stakeOpcode byte) []byte {
	if len(script) == 26 &&
		script[0] == stakeOpcode &&
		script[1] == txscript.OP_DUP &&
		script[2] == txscript.OP_HASH160 &&
		script[3] == txscript.OP_DATA_20 &&
		script[24] == txscript.OP_EQUALVERIFY &&
		script[25] == txscript.OP_CHECKSIG {

		return script[4:24]
	}

	return nil
}

// isStakePubKeyHash returns whether or not the passed public key script is a
// standard pay-to-pubkey-hash script tagged with the provided stake opcode.
func isStakePubKeyHash(script []byte, stakeOpcode byte) bool {
	return extractStakePubKeyHash(script, stakeOpcode) != nil
}

// extractStakeScriptHash extracts a script hash from the passed public key
// script if it is a standard pay-to-script-hash script tagged with the provided
// stake opcode.  It will return nil otherwise.
func extractStakeScriptHash(script []byte, stakeOpcode byte) []byte {
	if len(script) == 24 &&
		script[0] == stakeOpcode &&
		script[1] == txscript.OP_HASH160 &&
		script[2] == txscript.OP_DATA_20 &&
		script[23] == txscript.OP_EQUAL {

		return script[3:23]
	}

	return nil
}

// isStakeScriptHash returns whether or not the passed public key script is a
// standard pay-to-script-hash script tagged with the provided stake opcode.
func isStakeScriptHash(script []byte, stakeOpcode byte) bool {
	return extractStakeScriptHash(script, stakeOpcode) != nil
}

// isAllowedTicketInputScriptForm returns whether or not the passed public key
// script is one of the allowed forms for a ticket input.
func isAllowedTicketInputScriptForm(script []byte) bool {
	return isPubKeyHash(script) || isScriptHash(script) ||
		isStakePubKeyHash(script, txscript.OP_SSGEN) ||
		isStakeScriptHash(script, txscript.OP_SSGEN) ||
		isStakePubKeyHash(script, txscript.OP_SSRTX) ||
		isStakeScriptHash(script, txscript.OP_SSRTX) ||
		isStakePubKeyHash(script, txscript.OP_SSTXCHANGE) ||
		isStakeScriptHash(script, txscript.OP_SSTXCHANGE)
}

// extractTicketCommitAmount extracts and decodes the amount from a ticket
// output commitment script.
//
// NOTE: The caller MUST have already determined that the provided script is
// a commitment output script or the function may panic.
func extractTicketCommitAmount(script []byte) int64 {
	// Extract the encoded amount from the commitment output associated with
	// the input.  The MSB of the encoded amount specifies if the output is
	// P2SH, so it must be cleared to get the decoded amount.
	amtBytes := script[commitAmountStartIdx:commitAmountEndIdx]
	amtEncoded := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(amtBytes)
	return int64(amtEncoded & ^commitP2SHFlag)
}

// checkTicketPurchaseInputs performs a series of checks on the inputs to a
// ticket purchase transaction.  An example of some of the checks include
// verifying all inputs exist, ensuring the input type requirements are met,
// and validating the output commitments coincide with the inputs.
//
// NOTE: The caller MUST have already determined that the provided transaction
// is a ticket purchase.
func checkTicketPurchaseInputs(msgTx *wire.MsgTx, view *UtxoViewpoint) error {
	// Assert there are two outputs for each input to the ticket as well as the
	// additional voting rights output.
	if (len(msgTx.TxIn)*2 + 1) != len(msgTx.TxOut) {
		panicf("attempt to check ticket purchase inputs on tx %s which does "+
			"not appear to be a ticket purchase (%d inputs, %d outputs)",
			msgTx.TxHash(), len(msgTx.TxIn), len(msgTx.TxOut))
	}

	for txInIdx := 0; txInIdx < len(msgTx.TxIn); txInIdx++ {
		txIn := msgTx.TxIn[txInIdx]
		entry := view.LookupEntry(txIn.PreviousOutPoint)
		if entry == nil || entry.IsSpent() {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("output %v referenced from transaction %s:%d "+
				"either does not exist or has already been spent",
				txIn.PreviousOutPoint, msgTx.TxHash(), txInIdx)
			return ruleError(ErrMissingTxOut, str)
		}

		// Ensure the output being spent is one of the allowed script forms.  In
		// particular, the allowed forms are pay-to-pubkey-hash and
		// pay-to-script-hash either in the standard form (without a stake
		// opcode) or their stake-tagged variant (with a stake opcode).
		pkScriptVer := entry.ScriptVersion()
		if pkScriptVer != 0 {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("output %v script version %d referenced by "+
				"ticket %s:%d is not supported", txIn.PreviousOutPoint,
				pkScriptVer, msgTx.TxHash(), txInIdx)
			return ruleError(ErrTicketInputScript, str)
		}
		pkScript := entry.PkScript()
		if !isAllowedTicketInputScriptForm(pkScript) {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("output %v referenced from ticket %s:%d "+
				"is not pay-to-pubkey-hash or pay-to-script-hash (script: %x)",
				txIn.PreviousOutPoint, msgTx.TxHash(), txInIdx, pkScript)
			return ruleError(ErrTicketInputScript, str)
		}

		// Extract the amount from the commitment output associated with the
		// input and ensure it matches the expected amount calculated from the
		// actual input amount and change.
		commitmentOutIdx := txInIdx*2 + 1
		commitmentScript := msgTx.TxOut[commitmentOutIdx].PkScript
		commitmentAmount := extractTicketCommitAmount(commitmentScript)
		inputAmount := entry.Amount()
		change := msgTx.TxOut[commitmentOutIdx+1].Value
		adjustedAmount := commitmentAmount + change
		if adjustedAmount != inputAmount {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("ticket output %d pays a different amount than "+
				"the associated input %d (input: %v, commitment: %v, change: "+
				"%v)", commitmentOutIdx, txInIdx, inputAmount, commitmentAmount,
				change)
			return ruleError(ErrTicketCommitment, str)
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// isStakeSubmission returns whether or not the passed public key script is a
// standard pay-to-script-hash or pay-to-script-hash script tagged with the
// stake submission opcode.
func isStakeSubmission(script []byte) bool {
	return isStakePubKeyHash(script, txscript.OP_SSTX) ||
		isStakeScriptHash(script, txscript.OP_SSTX)
}

// extractTicketCommitHash extracts the commitment hash from a ticket output
// commitment script.
//
// NOTE: The caller MUST have already determined that the provided script is
// a commitment output script or the function may panic.
func extractTicketCommitHash(script []byte) []byte {
	return script[commitHashStartIdx:commitHashEndIdx]
}

// isTicketCommitP2SH returns whether or not the passed ticket output commitment
// script commits to a hash which represents a pay-to-script-hash output.  When
// false, it commits to a hash which represents a pay-to-pubkey-hash output.
//
// NOTE: The caller MUST have already determined that the provided script is
// a commitment output script or the function may panic.
func isTicketCommitP2SH(script []byte) bool {
	// The MSB of the encoded amount specifies if the output is P2SH.  Since
	// it is encoded with little endian, the MSB is in final byte in the encoded
	// amount.
	//
	// This is a faster equivalent of:
	//
	//	amtBytes := script[commitAmountStartIdx:commitAmountEndIdx]
	//	amtEncoded := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(amtBytes)
	//	return (amtEncoded & commitP2SHFlag) != 0
	//
	return script[commitAmountEndIdx-1]&0x80 != 0
}

// calcTicketReturnAmounts calculates the required amounts to return from a
// ticket for the given original contribution amounts, the price the ticket was
// purchased for, and the vote subsidy (if any) to include.
//
// Since multiple inputs can be used to purchase a ticket, each one contributes
// a portion of the overall ticket purchase, including the transaction fee.
// Thus, when claiming the ticket, either due to it being selected to vote, or
// being revoked, each output must receive the same proportion of the total
// amount returned.
//
// After the original contribution amounts are evenly distributed to each
// output, there may be a remainder left over of 1 to numOutputs - 1 atoms.  For
// votes, this remainder ends up as part of the transaction fee.  If the
// automatic ticket revocations agenda is NOT active, then this is the same for
// revocations and the remainder ends up as part of the transaction fee.  If the
// automatic ticket revocations agenda IS active, then for revocations each atom
// in the remainder is added to an output index that is selected in a uniformly
// random manner, where Hash256PRNG seeded with the previous header bytes is
// used for the deterministic pseudorandom selection.
//
// The vote subsidy must be 0 for revocations since, unlike votes, they do not
// produce any additional subsidy.
func calcTicketReturnAmounts(ticketOuts []*stake.MinimalOutput,
	ticketPurchaseAmount, voteSubsidy int64, prevHeaderBytes []byte, isVote,
	isAutoRevocationsEnabled bool) []int64 {

	// Make an initial pass over the ticket commitments to calculate the overall
	// contribution sum.  This is necessary because the output amounts are
	// required to be scaled to maintain the same proportions as the original
	// contributions to the ticket, and the overall contribution sum is needed
	// to calculate those proportions.
	//
	// The calculations also require more than 64-bits, so convert it to a big
	// integer here to avoid multiple conversions later.
	var contributionSum int64
	for i := 1; i < len(ticketOuts); i += 2 {
		contributionSum += extractTicketCommitAmount(ticketOuts[i].PkScript)
	}
	contributionSumBig := big.NewInt(contributionSum)

	// Create a slice for the return amounts.
	numReturnAmounts := uint32((len(ticketOuts) - 1) / 2)
	returnAmounts := make([]int64, numReturnAmounts)

	// Calculate the return amounts and track the total return amount.
	totalOutputAmt := ticketPurchaseAmount + voteSubsidy
	totalOutputAmtBig := big.NewInt(totalOutputAmt)
	totalReturnAmount := int64(0)
	for i := 0; i < len(returnAmounts); i++ {
		// This is effectively equivalent to:
		//
		//                  total output amount
		// return amount =  ------------------- * contribution amount
		//                  total contributions
		//
		// However, in order to avoid floating point math, it uses 64.32 fixed point
		// integer division to perform:
		//
		//                   --                                              --
		//                  | total output amount * contribution amount * 2^32 |
		//                  | ------------------------------------------------ |
		// return amount =  |                total contributions               |
		//                   --                                              --
		//                  ----------------------------------------------------
		//                                        2^32
		//
		ticketOut := ticketOuts[i*2+1]
		returnAmtBig := big.NewInt(extractTicketCommitAmount(ticketOut.PkScript))
		returnAmtBig.Mul(returnAmtBig, totalOutputAmtBig)
		returnAmtBig.Lsh(returnAmtBig, 32)
		returnAmtBig.Div(returnAmtBig, contributionSumBig)
		returnAmtBig.Rsh(returnAmtBig, 32)
		returnAmounts[i] = returnAmtBig.Int64()

		// Add to the total return amount.
		totalReturnAmount += returnAmounts[i]
	}

	// At this point, the original contribution amounts have been evenly
	// distributed to each output.
	//
	// For votes, return now and any remainder left over will become part of the
	// transaction fee.
	if isVote {
		return returnAmounts
	}

	// For revocations, if the automatic ticket revocations agenda is active, and
	// there is a remainder after distributing the returns, then select a
	// uniformly pseudorandom output index to receive each remaining atom.
	if isAutoRevocationsEnabled && totalReturnAmount < totalOutputAmt {
		remainder := totalOutputAmt - totalReturnAmount
		prng := stake.NewHash256PRNG(prevHeaderBytes)
		for i := int64(0); i < remainder; i++ {
			returnIndex := prng.UniformRandom(numReturnAmounts)
			returnAmounts[returnIndex] += 1
		}
	}

	return returnAmounts
}

// extractTicketCommitFeeLimits extracts the encoded fee limits from a ticket
// output commitment script.
//
// NOTE: The caller MUST have already determined that the provided script is
// a commitment output script or the function may panic.
func extractTicketCommitFeeLimits(script []byte) uint16 {
	encodedLimits := script[commitFeeLimitStartIdx:commitFeeLimitEndIdx]
	return binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(encodedLimits)
}

// checkTicketSubmissionInput ensures the provided unspent transaction output is
// a supported ticket submission output in terms of the script version and type
// as well as ensuring the transaction that houses the output is a ticket.
//
// Note that the returned error is not a RuleError, so the it is up to the
// caller convert it accordingly.
func checkTicketSubmissionInput(ticketUtxo *UtxoEntry) error {
	submissionScriptVer := ticketUtxo.ScriptVersion()
	if submissionScriptVer != 0 {
		return fmt.Errorf("script version %d is not supported",
			submissionScriptVer)
	}
	submissionScript := ticketUtxo.PkScript()
	if !isStakeSubmission(submissionScript) {
		return fmt.Errorf("not a supported stake submission script (script: "+
			"%x)", submissionScript)
	}

	// Ensure the referenced output is from a ticket.  This also proves the form
	// of the transaction and its outputs are as expected so subsequent code is
	// able to avoid a lot of additional overhead rechecking things.
	if ticketUtxo.TransactionType() != stake.TxTypeSStx {
		return fmt.Errorf("not a submission script")
	}

	return nil
}

// checkTicketRedeemerCommitments ensures the outputs of the provided
// transaction, which MUST be either a vote or revocation, adhere to the
// commitments in the provided ticket outputs.  The vote subsidy MUST be zero
// for revocations since they do not produce any additional subsidy.
//
// NOTE: This is only intended to be a helper to refactor out common code from
// checkVoteInputs and checkRevocationInputs.
func checkTicketRedeemerCommitments(ticketHash *chainhash.Hash,
	ticketOuts []*stake.MinimalOutput, msgTx *wire.MsgTx, isVote bool,
	voteSubsidy int64, prevHeader *wire.BlockHeader, isTreasuryEnabled,
	isAutoRevocationsEnabled bool) error {

	// The outputs that satisfy the commitments of the ticket start at offset
	// 2 for votes while they start at 0 for revocations.  Also, the payments
	// must be tagged with the appropriate stake opcode depending on whether it
	// is a vote or a revocation.  Finally, the fee limits in the original
	// ticket commitment differ for votes and revocations, so choose the correct
	// bit flag and mask accordingly.
	startIdx := 2
	reqStakeOpcode := byte(txscript.OP_SSGEN)
	hasFeeLimitFlag := uint16(stake.SStxVoteFractionFlag)
	feeLimitMask := uint16(stake.SStxVoteReturnFractionMask)
	if !isVote {
		startIdx = 0
		reqStakeOpcode = txscript.OP_SSRTX
		hasFeeLimitFlag = stake.SStxRevFractionFlag
		feeLimitMask = stake.SStxRevReturnFractionMask
	}
	ticketPaidAmt := ticketOuts[submissionOutputIdx].Value

	// Get the previous header bytes.
	prevHeaderBytes, err := prevHeader.Bytes()
	if err != nil {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("failed to serialize header for block %v",
			prevHeader.BlockHash())
		return ruleError(ErrSerializeHeader, str)
	}

	// Calculate the expected output amounts.
	expectedOutAmts := calcTicketReturnAmounts(ticketOuts, ticketPaidAmt,
		voteSubsidy, prevHeaderBytes, isVote, isAutoRevocationsEnabled)

	// If treasury is enabled and we have a vote then we need to subtract
	// one from the length of TxOut slice.
	var extra int
	if isTreasuryEnabled {
		tvt, _ := stake.CheckSSGenVotes(msgTx, isTreasuryEnabled)
		if tvt != nil {
			extra = 1
		}
	}

	for txOutIdx := startIdx; txOutIdx < len(msgTx.TxOut)-extra; txOutIdx++ {
		// Ensure the output is paying to the address and type specified by the
		// original commitment in the ticket and is a version 0 script.
		//
		// Note that this specifically limits the types of allowed outputs to
		// P2PKH and P2SH, since the original commitment has the same
		// limitation.
		txOut := msgTx.TxOut[txOutIdx]
		if txOut.Version != 0 {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("output %s:%d script version %d is not "+
				"supported", msgTx.TxHash(), txOutIdx, txOut.Version)
			return ruleError(ErrBadPayeeScriptVersion, str)
		}

		commitmentOutIdx := (txOutIdx-startIdx)*2 + 1
		commitmentScript := ticketOuts[commitmentOutIdx].PkScript
		var paymentHash []byte
		if isTicketCommitP2SH(commitmentScript) {
			paymentHash = extractStakeScriptHash(txOut.PkScript, reqStakeOpcode)
			if paymentHash == nil {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("output %s:%d payment script type is not "+
					"pay-to-script-hash as required by ticket output "+
					"commitment %s:%d", msgTx.TxHash(), txOutIdx, ticketHash,
					commitmentOutIdx)
				return ruleError(ErrBadPayeeScriptType, str)
			}
		} else {
			paymentHash = extractStakePubKeyHash(txOut.PkScript, reqStakeOpcode)
			if paymentHash == nil {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("output %s:%d payment script type is not "+
					"pay-to-pubkey-hash as required by ticket output "+
					"commitment %s:%d", msgTx.TxHash(), txOutIdx, ticketHash,
					commitmentOutIdx)
				return ruleError(ErrBadPayeeScriptType, str)
			}
		}
		commitmentHash := extractTicketCommitHash(commitmentScript)
		if !bytes.Equal(paymentHash, commitmentHash) {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("output %s:%d does not pay to the hash "+
				"specified by ticket output commitment %s:%d (ticket commits "+
				"to %x, output pays %x)", msgTx.TxHash(), txOutIdx, ticketHash,
				commitmentOutIdx, commitmentHash, paymentHash)
			return ruleError(ErrMismatchedPayeeHash, str)
		}

		// Determine the fee limit that is imposed.  If the transaction is a
		// revocation, the version is greater than or equal to 2, and the automatic
		// ticket revocation agenda is active, then the fee MUST be zero.
		// Otherwise, the encoded fee limit from the ticket output commitment script
		// should be used.
		var feeLimitsEncoded uint16
		var hasFeeLimit bool
		if isVote || !isAutoRevocationsEnabled ||
			msgTx.Version < stake.TxVersionAutoRevocations {

			feeLimitsEncoded = extractTicketCommitFeeLimits(commitmentScript)
			hasFeeLimit = feeLimitsEncoded&hasFeeLimitFlag != 0
		}

		// Ensure the amount paid adheres to the commitment while taking into
		// account any fee limits that might be imposed.  The output amount must
		// exactly match the calculated amount when not encumbered with a
		// fee limit.  On the other hand, when it is encumbered, it must be
		// between the minimum amount imposed by the fee limit and the
		// calculated amount.
		expectedOutAmt := expectedOutAmts[txOutIdx-startIdx]
		if !hasFeeLimit {
			// The output amount must exactly match the calculated amount when
			// not encumbered with a fee limit.
			if txOut.Value != expectedOutAmt {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("output %s:%d does not pay the expected "+
					"amount per ticket output commitment %s:%d (expected %d, "+
					"output pays %d)", msgTx.TxHash(), txOutIdx, ticketHash,
					commitmentOutIdx, expectedOutAmt, txOut.Value)
				return ruleError(ErrBadPayeeValue, str)
			}
		} else {
			// Calculate the minimum allowed amount based on the fee limit.
			//
			// Notice that, since the fee limit is in terms of a log2 value, and
			// amounts are int64, anything greater than or equal to 63 is
			// interpreted to mean allow spending the entire amount as a fee.
			// This allows fast left shifts to be used to calculate the fee
			// limit while preventing degenerate cases such as negative numbers
			// for 63.
			var amtLimitLow int64
			feeLimitLog2 := feeLimitsEncoded & feeLimitMask
			if feeLimitLog2 < 63 {
				feeLimit := int64(1 << uint64(feeLimitLog2))
				if feeLimit < expectedOutAmt {
					amtLimitLow = expectedOutAmt - feeLimit
				}
			}

			// The output must not be less than the minimum amount.
			if txOut.Value < amtLimitLow {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("output %s:%d pays less than the expected "+
					"expected amount per ticket output commitment %s:%d "+
					"(lowest allowed %d, output pays %d)", msgTx.TxHash(),
					txOutIdx, ticketHash, commitmentOutIdx, amtLimitLow,
					txOut.Value)
				return ruleError(ErrBadPayeeValue, str)
			}

			// The output must not be more than the expected amount.
			if txOut.Value > expectedOutAmt {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("output %s:%d pays more than the expected "+
					"amount per ticket output commitment %s:%d (expected %d, "+
					"output pays %d)", msgTx.TxHash(), txOutIdx, ticketHash,
					commitmentOutIdx, expectedOutAmt, txOut.Value)
				return ruleError(ErrBadPayeeValue, str)
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// checkVoteInputs performs a series of checks on the inputs to a vote
// transaction.  An example of some of the checks include verifying the
// referenced ticket exists, the stakebase input commits to correct subsidy,
// the output amounts adhere to the commitments of the referenced ticket, and
// the ticket maturity requirements are met.
//
// NOTE: The caller MUST have already determined that the provided transaction
// is a vote.
func checkVoteInputs(subsidyCache *standalone.SubsidyCache, tx *dcrutil.Tx,
	txHeight int64, view *UtxoViewpoint, params *chaincfg.Params,
	prevHeader *wire.BlockHeader, isTreasuryEnabled,
	isAutoRevocationsEnabled bool) error {

	ticketMaturity := int64(params.TicketMaturity)
	voteHash := tx.Hash()
	msgTx := tx.MsgTx()

	// Calculate the theoretical stake vote subsidy by extracting the vote
	// height.
	//
	// WARNING: This really should be calculating the subsidy based on the
	// height of the block the vote is contained in as opposed to the block it
	// is voting on.  Unfortunately, this is now part of consensus, so changing
	// it requires a hard fork vote.
	_, heightVotingOn := stake.SSGenBlockVotedOn(msgTx)
	voteSubsidy := subsidyCache.CalcStakeVoteSubsidy(int64(heightVotingOn))

	// The input amount specified by the stakebase must commit to the subsidy
	// generated by the vote.
	stakebase := msgTx.TxIn[0]
	if stakebase.ValueIn != voteSubsidy {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("vote subsidy input value of %v is not %v",
			stakebase.ValueIn, voteSubsidy)
		return ruleError(ErrBadStakebaseAmountIn, str)
	}

	// The second input to a vote must be the first output of the ticket the
	// vote is associated with.
	const ticketInIdx = 1
	ticketIn := msgTx.TxIn[ticketInIdx]
	if ticketIn.PreviousOutPoint.Index != submissionOutputIdx {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("vote %s:%d references output %d instead of the "+
			"first output", voteHash, ticketInIdx,
			ticketIn.PreviousOutPoint.Index)
		return ruleError(ErrInvalidVoteInput, str)
	}

	// Ensure the referenced ticket is available.
	ticketHash := &ticketIn.PreviousOutPoint.Hash
	ticketUtxo := view.LookupEntry(ticketIn.PreviousOutPoint)
	if ticketUtxo == nil || ticketUtxo.IsSpent() {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("ticket output %v referenced by vote %s:%d either "+
			"does not exist or has already been spent",
			ticketIn.PreviousOutPoint, voteHash, ticketInIdx)
		return ruleError(ErrMissingTxOut, str)
	}

	// Ensure the referenced transaction output is a supported ticket submission
	// output in terms of the script version and type as well as ensuring the
	// transaction that houses the output is a ticket.  This also proves the
	// form of the transaction and its outputs are as expected so subsequent
	// code is able to avoid a lot of additional overhead rechecking things.
	if err := checkTicketSubmissionInput(ticketUtxo); err != nil {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("output %v referenced by vote %s:%d consensus "+
			"violation: %s", ticketIn.PreviousOutPoint, voteHash, ticketInIdx,
			err.Error())
		return ruleError(ErrInvalidVoteInput, str)
	}

	// Ensure the vote is not spending a ticket which has not yet reached the
	// required ticket maturity.
	//
	// NOTE: A ticket stake submission (OP_SSTX tagged output) can only be spent
	// in the block AFTER the entire ticket maturity has passed, hence the +1.
	originHeight := ticketUtxo.BlockHeight()
	blocksSincePrev := txHeight - originHeight
	if blocksSincePrev < ticketMaturity+1 {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("tried to spend ticket output from transaction "+
			"%v from height %d at height %d before required ticket maturity "+
			"of %d+1 blocks", ticketHash, originHeight, txHeight,
			ticketMaturity)
		return ruleError(ErrImmatureTicketSpend, str)
	}

	ticketOuts := ticketUtxo.TicketMinimalOutputs()
	if len(ticketOuts) == 0 {
		panicf("missing extra stake data for ticket %v -- probable database "+
			"corruption", ticketHash)
	}

	// Ensure the number of payment outputs matches the number of commitments
	// made by the associated ticket.
	//
	// The vote transaction outputs must consist of an OP_RETURN output that
	// indicates the block being voted on, an OP_RETURN with the user-provided
	// vote bits, and an output that corresponds to every commitment output in
	// the ticket associated with the vote.  The associated ticket outputs
	// consist of a stake submission output, and two outputs for each payment
	// commitment such that the first one of the pair is a commitment amount and
	// the second one is the amount of change sent back to the contributor to
	// the ticket based on their original funding amount.
	var extra int
	if isTreasuryEnabled {
		// If we have votes we need to subtract them from the next
		// check.
		tvt, _ := stake.CheckSSGenVotes(msgTx, isTreasuryEnabled)
		if tvt != nil {
			extra = 1
		}
	}

	numVotePayments := len(msgTx.TxOut) - 2 - extra
	if numVotePayments*2 != len(ticketOuts)-1 {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("vote %s makes %d payments when input ticket %s "+
			"has %d commitments", voteHash, numVotePayments, ticketHash,
			len(ticketOuts)-1)
		return ruleError(ErrBadNumPayees, str)
	}

	// Ensure the outputs adhere to the ticket commitments.
	return checkTicketRedeemerCommitments(ticketHash, ticketOuts, msgTx,
		true, voteSubsidy, prevHeader, isTreasuryEnabled, isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
}

// checkRevocationInputs performs a series of checks on the inputs to a
// revocation transaction.  An example of some of the checks include verifying
// the referenced ticket exists, the output amounts adhere to the commitments of
// the ticket, and the ticket maturity requirements are met.
//
// NOTE: The caller MUST have already determined that the provided transaction
// is a revocation.
func checkRevocationInputs(tx *dcrutil.Tx, txHeight int64, view *UtxoViewpoint,
	params *chaincfg.Params, prevHeader *wire.BlockHeader, isTreasuryEnabled,
	isAutoRevocationsEnabled bool) error {

	ticketMaturity := int64(params.TicketMaturity)
	revokeHash := tx.Hash()
	msgTx := tx.MsgTx()

	// The first input to a revocation must be the first output of the ticket
	// the revocation is associated with.
	const ticketInIdx = 0
	ticketIn := msgTx.TxIn[ticketInIdx]
	if ticketIn.PreviousOutPoint.Index != submissionOutputIdx {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("revocation %s:%d references output %d instead of "+
			"the first output", revokeHash, ticketInIdx,
			ticketIn.PreviousOutPoint.Index)
		return ruleError(ErrInvalidRevokeInput, str)
	}

	// Ensure the referenced ticket is available.
	ticketHash := &ticketIn.PreviousOutPoint.Hash
	ticketUtxo := view.LookupEntry(ticketIn.PreviousOutPoint)
	if ticketUtxo == nil || ticketUtxo.IsSpent() {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("ticket output %v referenced from revocation %s:%d "+
			"either does not exist or has already been spent",
			ticketIn.PreviousOutPoint, revokeHash, ticketInIdx)
		return ruleError(ErrMissingTxOut, str)
	}

	// Ensure the referenced transaction output is a supported ticket submission
	// output in terms of the script version and type as well as ensuring the
	// transaction that houses the output is a ticket.  This also proves the
	// form of the transaction and its outputs are as expected so subsequent
	// code is able to avoid a lot of additional overhead rechecking things.
	if err := checkTicketSubmissionInput(ticketUtxo); err != nil {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("output %v referenced by revocation %s:%d consensus "+
			"violation: %s", ticketIn.PreviousOutPoint, revokeHash, ticketInIdx,
			err.Error())
		return ruleError(ErrInvalidRevokeInput, str)
	}

	// Ensure the revocation is not spending a ticket which has not yet reached
	// the required ticket maturity.
	//
	// NOTE: A ticket stake submission (OP_SSTX tagged output) can only be spent
	// in the block AFTER the entire ticket maturity has passed, and, in order
	// to be revoked, the ticket must have been missed which can't possibly
	// happen for another block after that, hence the +2.  However, if the
	// automatic ticket revocations agenda is active, +1 is used since revocations
	// are allowed (and in fact, are required) in the block in which the ticket is
	// missed or expired.
	originHeight := ticketUtxo.BlockHeight()
	blocksSincePrev := txHeight - originHeight
	revocationAdditionalMaturity := int64(2)
	if isAutoRevocationsEnabled {
		revocationAdditionalMaturity = 1
	}

	if blocksSincePrev < ticketMaturity+revocationAdditionalMaturity {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("tried to spend ticket output from transaction "+
			"%v from height %d at height %d before required ticket maturity "+
			"of %d+%d blocks", ticketHash, originHeight, txHeight,
			ticketMaturity, revocationAdditionalMaturity)
		return ruleError(ErrImmatureTicketSpend, str)
	}

	ticketOuts := ticketUtxo.TicketMinimalOutputs()
	if len(ticketOuts) == 0 {
		panicf("missing extra stake data for ticket %v -- probable database "+
			"corruption", ticketHash)
	}

	// Ensure the number of payment outputs matches the number of commitments
	// made by the associated ticket.
	//
	// The revocation transaction outputs must consist of an output that
	// corresponds to every commitment output in the ticket associated with the
	// revocation.  The associated ticket outputs consist of a stake submission
	// output, and two outputs for each payment commitment such that the first
	// one of the pair is a commitment amount and the second one is the amount
	// of change sent back to the contributor to the ticket based on their
	// original funding amount.
	numRevocationPayments := len(msgTx.TxOut)
	if numRevocationPayments*2 != len(ticketOuts)-1 {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("revocation %s makes %d payments when input ticket "+
			"%s has %d commitments", revokeHash, numRevocationPayments,
			ticketHash, len(ticketOuts)-1)
		return ruleError(ErrBadNumPayees, str)
	}

	// Ensure the outputs adhere to the ticket commitments.  Zero is passed for
	// the vote subsidy since revocations do not produce any subsidy.
	return checkTicketRedeemerCommitments(ticketHash, ticketOuts, msgTx,
		false, 0, prevHeader, isTreasuryEnabled, isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
}

// CheckTransactionInputs performs a series of checks on the inputs to a
// transaction to ensure they are valid.  An example of some of the checks
// include verifying all inputs exist, ensuring the coinbase seasoning
// requirements are met, detecting double spends, validating all values and
// fees are in the legal range and the total output amount doesn't exceed the
// input amount, and verifying the signatures to prove the spender was the
// owner of the Decred and therefore allowed to spend them.  As it checks the
// inputs, it also calculates the total fees for the transaction and returns
// that value.
//
// NOTE: The transaction MUST have already been sanity checked with the
// CheckTransactionSanity function prior to calling this function.
func CheckTransactionInputs(subsidyCache *standalone.SubsidyCache,
	tx *dcrutil.Tx, txHeight int64, view *UtxoViewpoint, checkFraudProof bool,
	chainParams *chaincfg.Params, prevHeader *wire.BlockHeader,
	isTreasuryEnabled, isAutoRevocationsEnabled bool) (int64, error) {

	// Coinbase transactions have no inputs.
	msgTx := tx.MsgTx()
	if standalone.IsCoinBaseTx(msgTx, isTreasuryEnabled) {
		return 0, nil
	}

	// Treasurybase transactions have no inputs.
	if isTreasuryEnabled && standalone.IsTreasuryBase(msgTx) {
		return 0, nil
	}

	// -------------------------------------------------------------------
	// Decred stake transaction testing.
	// -------------------------------------------------------------------

	// Perform additional checks on ticket purchase transactions such as
	// ensuring the input type requirements are met and the output commitments
	// coincide with the inputs.
	isTicket := stake.IsSStx(msgTx)
	if isTicket {
		if err := checkTicketPurchaseInputs(msgTx, view); err != nil {
			return 0, err
		}
	}

	// Perform additional checks on vote transactions such as verifying that the
	// referenced ticket exists, the stakebase input commits to correct subsidy,
	// the output amounts adhere to the commitments of the referenced ticket,
	// and the ticket maturity requirements are met.
	//
	// Also keep track of whether or not it is a vote since some inputs need
	// to be skipped later.
	isVote := stake.IsSSGen(msgTx, isTreasuryEnabled)
	if isVote {
		err := checkVoteInputs(subsidyCache, tx, txHeight, view,
			chainParams, prevHeader, isTreasuryEnabled, isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
		if err != nil {
			return 0, err
		}
	}

	// Perform additional checks on revocation transactions such as verifying
	// the referenced ticket exists, the output amounts adhere to the
	// commitments of the ticket, and the ticket maturity requirements are met.
	//
	// Also keep track of whether or not it is a revocation since some inputs
	// need to be skipped later.
	isRevocation := stake.IsSSRtx(msgTx, isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
	if isRevocation {
		err := checkRevocationInputs(tx, txHeight, view, chainParams, prevHeader,
			isTreasuryEnabled, isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
		if err != nil {
			return 0, err
		}
	}

	// Perform additional checks on TSpend transactions.
	var (
		isTSpend          bool
		signature, pubKey []byte
		err               error
	)
	reqStakeOutMaturity := int64(chainParams.SStxChangeMaturity)
	if isTreasuryEnabled {
		signature, pubKey, err = stake.CheckTSpend(msgTx)
		isTSpend = err == nil
		reqStakeOutMaturity = int64(chainParams.CoinbaseMaturity)
	}

	// If we have a TSpend verify the signature.
	if isTSpend {
		// Check if this is a sanctioned PI key.
		if !chainParams.PiKeyExists(pubKey) {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("Unknown Pi Key: %x", pubKey)
			return 0, ruleError(ErrUnknownPiKey, str)
		}

		// Verify that the signature is valid and corresponds to the
		// provided public key.
		err = verifyTSpendSignature(msgTx, signature, pubKey)
		if err != nil {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("Could not verify TSpend "+
				"signature: %v", err)
			return 0, ruleError(ErrInvalidPiSignature, str)
		}
	}

	// -------------------------------------------------------------------
	// Decred general transaction testing (and a few stake exceptions).
	// -------------------------------------------------------------------

	txHash := tx.Hash()
	var totalAtomIn int64
	for idx, txIn := range msgTx.TxIn {
		// Inputs won't exist for stakebase tx, so ignore them.
		if isVote && idx == 0 {
			// However, do add the reward amount.
			_, heightVotingOn := stake.SSGenBlockVotedOn(msgTx)
			stakeVoteSubsidy := subsidyCache.CalcStakeVoteSubsidy(
				int64(heightVotingOn))
			totalAtomIn += stakeVoteSubsidy
			continue
		}

		// idx can only be 0 in this case but check it anyway.
		if isTSpend && idx == 0 {
			totalAtomIn += txIn.ValueIn
			continue
		}

		txInOutpoint := txIn.PreviousOutPoint
		txInHash := &txInOutpoint.Hash
		originTxIndex := txInOutpoint.Index
		utxoEntry := view.LookupEntry(txInOutpoint)
		if utxoEntry == nil || utxoEntry.IsSpent() {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("output %v referenced from "+
				"transaction %s:%d either does not exist or "+
				"has already been spent", txInOutpoint,
				txHash, idx)
			return 0, ruleError(ErrMissingTxOut, str)
		}

		// Check fraud proof witness data.

		// Using zero value outputs as inputs is banned.
		if utxoEntry.Amount() == 0 {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("tried to spend zero value output "+
				"from input %v, idx %v", txInHash,
				originTxIndex)
			return 0, ruleError(ErrZeroValueOutputSpend, str)
		}

		if checkFraudProof {
			if txIn.ValueIn !=
				utxoEntry.Amount() {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("bad fraud check value in "+
					"(expected %v, given %v) for txIn %v",
					utxoEntry.Amount(),
					txIn.ValueIn, idx)
				return 0, ruleError(ErrFraudAmountIn, str)
			}

			if int64(txIn.BlockHeight) != utxoEntry.BlockHeight() {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("bad fraud check block "+
					"height (expected %v, given %v) for "+
					"txIn %v", utxoEntry.BlockHeight(),
					txIn.BlockHeight, idx)
				return 0, ruleError(ErrFraudBlockHeight, str)
			}

			if txIn.BlockIndex != utxoEntry.BlockIndex() {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("bad fraud check block "+
					"index (expected %v, given %v) for "+
					"txIn %v", utxoEntry.BlockIndex(),
					txIn.BlockIndex, idx)
				return 0, ruleError(ErrFraudBlockIndex, str)
			}
		}

		// Ensure the transaction is not spending coins which have not
		// yet reached the required coinbase maturity.
		coinbaseMaturity := int64(chainParams.CoinbaseMaturity)
		if utxoEntry.IsCoinBase() {
			originHeight := utxoEntry.BlockHeight()
			blocksSincePrev := txHeight - originHeight
			if blocksSincePrev < coinbaseMaturity {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("tx %v tried to spend "+
					"coinbase transaction %v from height "+
					"%v at height %v before required "+
					"maturity of %v blocks", txHash,
					txInHash, originHeight, txHeight,
					coinbaseMaturity)
				return 0, ruleError(ErrImmatureSpend, str)
			}
		}

		// Ensure that the transaction is not spending coins from a
		// transaction that included an expiry but which has not yet
		// reached coinbase maturity many blocks.
		if utxoEntry.HasExpiry() {
			originHeight := utxoEntry.BlockHeight()
			blocksSincePrev := txHeight - originHeight
			if blocksSincePrev < coinbaseMaturity {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("tx %v tried to spend "+
					"transaction %v including an expiry "+
					"from height %v at height %v before "+
					"required maturity of %v blocks",
					txHash, txInHash, originHeight,
					txHeight, coinbaseMaturity)
				return 0, ruleError(ErrExpiryTxSpentEarly, str)
			}
		}

		// OP_TGEN tagged outputs can only be spent after coinbase maturity
		// many blocks.
		if isTreasuryEnabled && stake.IsTreasuryGenScript(
			utxoEntry.ScriptVersion(), utxoEntry.PkScript()) {

			originHeight := utxoEntry.BlockHeight()
			blocksSincePrev := txHeight - originHeight
			if blocksSincePrev < coinbaseMaturity {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("tried to spend OP_TGEN output from tx %v "+
					"from height %v at height %v before required maturity of "+
					"%v blocks", txInHash, originHeight, txHeight,
					coinbaseMaturity)
				return 0, ruleError(ErrImmatureSpend, str)
			}
		}

		// The only transaction types that are allowed to spend from OP_SSTX
		// tagged outputs are votes and revocations.  So, check all the inputs
		// from non votes and revocations and make sure that they spend no
		// OP_SSTX tagged outputs.
		if !(isVote || isRevocation) {
			if stake.IsTicketPurchaseScript(utxoEntry.ScriptVersion(),
				utxoEntry.PkScript()) {
				errSSGen := stake.CheckSSGen(msgTx,
					isTreasuryEnabled)
				errSSRtx := stake.CheckSSRtx(msgTx, isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
				errStr := fmt.Sprintf("Tx %v attempted to "+
					"spend an OP_SSTX tagged output, "+
					"however it was not an SSGen or SSRtx"+
					" tx; SSGen err: %v, SSRtx err: %v",
					txHash, errSSGen.Error(),
					errSSRtx.Error())
				return 0, ruleError(ErrTxSStxOutSpend, errStr)
			}
		}

		// OP_SSGEN and OP_SSRTX tagged outputs can only be spent after
		// coinbase maturity many blocks.
		if stake.IsRevocationScript(utxoEntry.ScriptVersion(),
			utxoEntry.PkScript()) ||
			stake.IsVoteScript(utxoEntry.ScriptVersion(),
				utxoEntry.PkScript()) {
			originHeight := utxoEntry.BlockHeight()
			blocksSincePrev := txHeight - originHeight
			if blocksSincePrev < reqStakeOutMaturity {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("tried to spend OP_SSGEN or"+
					" OP_SSRTX output from tx %v from "+
					"height %v at height %v before "+
					"required maturity of %v blocks",
					txInHash, originHeight, txHeight,
					coinbaseMaturity)
				return 0, ruleError(ErrImmatureSpend, str)
			}
		}

		// Ticket change outputs may only be spent after ticket change
		// maturity many blocks.
		if stake.IsStakeChangeScript(utxoEntry.ScriptVersion(),
			utxoEntry.PkScript()) {
			originHeight := utxoEntry.BlockHeight()
			blocksSincePrev := txHeight - originHeight
			if blocksSincePrev <
				int64(chainParams.SStxChangeMaturity) {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("tried to spend ticket change"+
					" output from tx %v from height %v at "+
					"height %v before required maturity "+
					"of %v blocks", txInHash, originHeight,
					txHeight, chainParams.SStxChangeMaturity)
				return 0, ruleError(ErrImmatureSpend, str)
			}
		}

		// Ensure the transaction amounts are in range.  Each of the
		// output values of the input transactions must not be negative
		// or more than the max allowed per transaction.  All amounts
		// in a transaction are in a unit value known as an atom.  One
		// Decred is a quantity of atoms as defined by the AtomPerCoin
		// constant.
		originTxAtom := utxoEntry.Amount()
		if originTxAtom < 0 {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction output has negative "+
				"value of %v", originTxAtom)
			return 0, ruleError(ErrBadTxOutValue, str)
		}
		if originTxAtom > dcrutil.MaxAmount {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction output value of %v is "+
				"higher than max allowed value of %v",
				originTxAtom, dcrutil.MaxAmount)
			return 0, ruleError(ErrBadTxOutValue, str)
		}

		// The total of all outputs must not be more than the max
		// allowed per transaction.  Also, we could potentially
		// overflow the accumulator so check for overflow.
		lastAtomIn := totalAtomIn
		totalAtomIn += originTxAtom
		if totalAtomIn < lastAtomIn ||
			totalAtomIn > dcrutil.MaxAmount {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("total value of all transaction "+
				"inputs is %v which is higher than max "+
				"allowed value of %v", totalAtomIn,
				dcrutil.MaxAmount)
			return 0, ruleError(ErrBadTxOutValue, str)
		}
	}

	// Calculate the total output amount for this transaction.  It is safe
	// to ignore overflow and out of range errors here because those error
	// conditions would have already been caught by checkTransactionSanity.
	var totalAtomOut int64
	for _, txOut := range tx.MsgTx().TxOut {
		totalAtomOut += txOut.Value
	}

	// Ensure the transaction does not spend more than its inputs.
	if totalAtomIn < totalAtomOut {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("total value of all transaction inputs for "+
			"transaction %v is %v which is less than the amount "+
			"spent of %v", txHash, totalAtomIn, totalAtomOut)
		return 0, ruleError(ErrSpendTooHigh, str)
	}

	txFeeInAtom := totalAtomIn - totalAtomOut
	return txFeeInAtom, nil
}

// CountSigOps returns the number of signature operations for all transaction
// input and output scripts in the provided transaction.  This uses the
// quicker, but imprecise, signature operation counting mechanism from
// txscript.
func CountSigOps(tx *dcrutil.Tx, isCoinBaseTx bool, isSSGen bool, isTreasuryEnabled bool) int {
	msgTx := tx.MsgTx()

	totalSigOps := 0

	if isTreasuryEnabled && stake.IsTreasuryBase(msgTx) {
		return totalSigOps
	}

	if !isCoinBaseTx {
		// Accumulate the number of signature operations in all
		// transaction inputs.
		for i, txIn := range msgTx.TxIn {
			// Skip stakebase inputs.
			if isSSGen && i == 0 {
				continue
			}

			numSigOps := txscript.GetSigOpCount(txIn.SignatureScript,
				isTreasuryEnabled)
			totalSigOps += numSigOps
		}
	}

	// Accumulate the number of signature operations in all transaction
	// outputs.
	for _, txOut := range msgTx.TxOut {
		numSigOps := txscript.GetSigOpCount(txOut.PkScript,
			isTreasuryEnabled)
		totalSigOps += numSigOps
	}

	return totalSigOps
}

// CountP2SHSigOps returns the number of signature operations for all input
// transactions which are of the pay-to-script-hash type.  This uses the
// precise, signature operation counting mechanism from the script engine which
// requires access to the input transaction scripts.
func CountP2SHSigOps(tx *dcrutil.Tx, isCoinBaseTx bool, isStakeBaseTx bool, view *UtxoViewpoint, isTreasuryEnabled bool) (int, error) {
	// Coinbase transactions have no interesting inputs.
	if isCoinBaseTx {
		return 0, nil
	}

	// Stakebase (SSGen) transactions have no P2SH inputs.  Same with SSRtx,
	// but they will still pass the checks below.
	if isStakeBaseTx {
		return 0, nil
	}

	// Treasury spend and treasurybase transactions have no P2SH inputs, but
	// they are only recognized as the associated transactions once the
	// treasury agenda is active.
	msgTx := tx.MsgTx()
	if isTreasuryEnabled {
		if stake.IsTSpend(msgTx) || stake.IsTreasuryBase(msgTx) {
			return 0, nil
		}
	}

	// Accumulate the number of signature operations in all transaction
	// inputs.
	totalSigOps := 0
	for txInIndex, txIn := range msgTx.TxIn {
		// Ensure the referenced input transaction is available.
		txInOutpoint := txIn.PreviousOutPoint
		utxoEntry := view.LookupEntry(txInOutpoint)
		if utxoEntry == nil || utxoEntry.IsSpent() {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("output %v referenced from "+
				"transaction %s:%d either does not exist or "+
				"has already been spent", txInOutpoint,
				tx.Hash(), txInIndex)
			return 0, ruleError(ErrMissingTxOut, str)
		}

		// We're only interested in pay-to-script-hash types, so skip
		// this input if it's not one.
		pkScript := utxoEntry.PkScript()
		if !txscript.IsPayToScriptHash(pkScript) {
			continue
		}

		// Count the precise number of signature operations in the
		// referenced public key script.
		sigScript := txIn.SignatureScript
		numSigOps := txscript.GetPreciseSigOpCount(sigScript, pkScript,
			isTreasuryEnabled)

		// We could potentially overflow the accumulator so check for
		// overflow.
		lastSigOps := totalSigOps
		totalSigOps += numSigOps
		if totalSigOps < lastSigOps {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("the public key script from output "+
				"%v contains too many signature operations - "+
				"overflow", txInOutpoint)
			return 0, ruleError(ErrTooManySigOps, str)
		}
	}

	return totalSigOps, nil
}

// checkNumSigOps Checks the number of P2SH signature operations to make
// sure they don't overflow the limits.  It takes a cumulative number of sig
// ops as an argument and increments will each call.
// TxTree true == Regular, false == Stake
func checkNumSigOps(tx *dcrutil.Tx, view *UtxoViewpoint, index int, txTree bool, cumulativeSigOps int, isTreasuryEnabled bool) (int, error) {
	msgTx := tx.MsgTx()
	isSSGen := stake.IsSSGen(msgTx, isTreasuryEnabled)
	numsigOps := CountSigOps(tx, (index == 0) && txTree, isSSGen,
		isTreasuryEnabled)

	// Since the first (and only the first) transaction has already been
	// verified to be a coinbase transaction, use (i == 0) && TxTree as an
	// optimization for the flag to countP2SHSigOps for whether or not the
	// transaction is a coinbase transaction rather than having to do a
	// full coinbase check again.
	numP2SHSigOps, err := CountP2SHSigOps(tx, (index == 0) && txTree,
		isSSGen, view, isTreasuryEnabled)
	if err != nil {
		log.Tracef("CountP2SHSigOps failed; error returned %v", err)
		return 0, err
	}

	startCumSigOps := cumulativeSigOps
	cumulativeSigOps += numsigOps
	cumulativeSigOps += numP2SHSigOps

	// Check for overflow or going over the limits.  We have to do
	// this on every loop iteration to avoid overflow.
	if cumulativeSigOps < startCumSigOps ||
		cumulativeSigOps > MaxSigOpsPerBlock {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains too many signature "+
			"operations - got %v, max %v", cumulativeSigOps,
			MaxSigOpsPerBlock)
		return 0, ruleError(ErrTooManySigOps, str)
	}

	return cumulativeSigOps, nil
}

// checkStakeBaseAmounts calculates the total amount given as subsidy from
// single stakebase transactions (votes) within a block.  This function skips a
// ton of checks already performed by CheckTransactionInputs.
func checkStakeBaseAmounts(subsidyCache *standalone.SubsidyCache, height int64, txs []*dcrutil.Tx, view *UtxoViewpoint, isTreasuryEnabled bool) error {
	for _, tx := range txs {
		msgTx := tx.MsgTx()
		if stake.IsSSGen(msgTx, isTreasuryEnabled) {
			// Ensure the input is available.
			txInOutpoint := msgTx.TxIn[1].PreviousOutPoint
			txInHash := &txInOutpoint.Hash
			utxoEntry, exists := view.entries[txInOutpoint]
			if !exists || utxoEntry == nil {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("couldn't find input tx %v "+
					"for stakebase amounts check", txInHash)
				return ruleError(ErrTicketUnavailable, str)
			}

			originTxAtom := utxoEntry.Amount()

			totalOutputs := int64(0)
			// Sum up the outputs.
			for _, out := range msgTx.TxOut {
				totalOutputs += out.Value
			}

			difference := totalOutputs - originTxAtom

			// Subsidy aligns with the height we're voting on, not
			// with the height of the current block.
			calcSubsidy := subsidyCache.CalcStakeVoteSubsidy(height - 1)

			if difference > calcSubsidy {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("ssgen tx %v spent more "+
					"than allowed (spent %v, allowed %v)",
					tx.Hash(), difference, calcSubsidy)
				return ruleError(ErrSSGenSubsidy, str)
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// getStakeBaseAmounts calculates the total amount given as subsidy from the
// collective stakebase transactions (votes) within a block.  This function
// skips a ton of checks already performed by CheckTransactionInputs.
func getStakeBaseAmounts(txs []*dcrutil.Tx, view *UtxoViewpoint, isTreasuryEnabled bool) (int64, error) {
	totalInputs := int64(0)
	totalOutputs := int64(0)
	for _, tx := range txs {
		msgTx := tx.MsgTx()
		if stake.IsSSGen(msgTx, isTreasuryEnabled) {
			// Ensure the input is available.
			txInOutpoint := msgTx.TxIn[1].PreviousOutPoint
			txInHash := &txInOutpoint.Hash
			utxoEntry, exists := view.entries[txInOutpoint]
			if !exists || utxoEntry == nil {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("couldn't find input tx %v "+
					"for stakebase amounts get", txInHash)
				return 0, ruleError(ErrTicketUnavailable, str)
			}

			originTxAtom := utxoEntry.Amount()

			totalInputs += originTxAtom

			// Sum up the outputs.
			for _, out := range msgTx.TxOut {
				totalOutputs += out.Value
			}
		}
	}

	return totalOutputs - totalInputs, nil
}

// getStakeTreeFees determines the amount of fees for in the stake tx tree of
// some node given a transaction store.
func getStakeTreeFees(subsidyCache *standalone.SubsidyCache, height int64, txs []*dcrutil.Tx, view *UtxoViewpoint, isTreasuryEnabled bool) (dcrutil.Amount, error) {
	totalInputs := int64(0)
	totalOutputs := int64(0)
	for _, tx := range txs {
		msgTx := tx.MsgTx()
		isSSGen := stake.IsSSGen(msgTx, isTreasuryEnabled)
		var isTSpend, isTreasuryBase bool
		if isTreasuryEnabled {
			isTSpend = stake.IsTSpend(msgTx)
			isTreasuryBase = stake.IsTreasuryBase(msgTx)
		}

		for i, in := range msgTx.TxIn {
			// Ignore stakebases.
			if isSSGen && i == 0 {
				continue
			}

			// Ignore TSpend.
			if isTSpend && i == 0 {
				continue
			}

			// Ignore treasury base.
			if isTreasuryBase && i == 0 {
				continue
			}

			txInOutpoint := in.PreviousOutPoint
			txInHash := &txInOutpoint.Hash
			utxoEntry, exists := view.entries[txInOutpoint]
			if !exists || utxoEntry == nil {
				str := fmt.Sprintf("couldn't find input tx "+
					"%v for stake tree fee calculation",
					txInHash)
				return 0, ruleError(ErrTicketUnavailable, str)
			}

			originTxAtom := utxoEntry.Amount()

			totalInputs += originTxAtom
		}

		for _, out := range msgTx.TxOut {
			totalOutputs += out.Value
		}

		// For votes, subtract the subsidy to determine actual fees.
		if isSSGen {
			// Subsidy aligns with the height we're voting on, not
			// with the height of the current block.
			totalOutputs -= subsidyCache.CalcStakeVoteSubsidy(height - 1)
		}

		if isTSpend {
			totalOutputs -= msgTx.TxIn[0].ValueIn
		}

		if isTreasuryBase {
			totalOutputs -= msgTx.TxIn[0].ValueIn
		}
	}

	if totalInputs < totalOutputs {
		str := fmt.Sprintf("negative cumulative fees found in stake " +
			"tx tree")
		return 0, ruleError(ErrStakeFees, str)
	}

	return dcrutil.Amount(totalInputs - totalOutputs), nil
}

// checkTransactionsAndConnect is the local function used to check the
// transaction inputs for a transaction list given a predetermined TxStore.
// After ensuring the transaction is valid, the transaction is connected to the
// UTXO viewpoint.  TxTree true == Regular, false == Stake
func (b *BlockChain) checkTransactionsAndConnect(inputFees dcrutil.Amount, node *blockNode, txs []*dcrutil.Tx, view *UtxoViewpoint, stxos *[]spentTxOut, txTree bool) error {
	isTreasuryEnabled, err := b.isTreasuryAgendaActive(node.parent)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Determine if the automatic ticket revocations agenda is active as of the
	// block being checked.
	isAutoRevocationsEnabled, err := b.isAutoRevocationsAgendaActive(node.parent)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Perform several checks on the inputs for each transaction.  Also
	// accumulate the total fees.  This could technically be combined with
	// the loop above instead of running another loop over the
	// transactions, but by separating it we can avoid running the more
	// expensive (though still relatively cheap as compared to running the
	// scripts) checks against all the inputs when the signature operations
	// are out of bounds.
	totalFees := int64(inputFees) // Stake tx tree carry forward
	prevHeader := node.parent.Header()
	var cumulativeSigOps int
	for idx, tx := range txs {
		// Ensure that the number of signature operations is not beyond
		// the consensus limit.
		var err error
		cumulativeSigOps, err = checkNumSigOps(tx, view, idx, txTree,
			cumulativeSigOps, isTreasuryEnabled)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// This step modifies the txStore and marks the tx outs used
		// spent, so be aware of this.
		txFee, err := CheckTransactionInputs(b.subsidyCache, tx,
			node.height, view, true, /* check fraud proofs */
			b.chainParams, &prevHeader, isTreasuryEnabled, isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
		if err != nil {
			log.Tracef("CheckTransactionInputs failed; error "+
				"returned: %v", err)
			return err
		}

		// Sum the total fees and ensure we don't overflow the
		// accumulator.
		lastTotalFees := totalFees
		totalFees += txFee
		if totalFees < lastTotalFees {
			return ruleError(ErrBadFees, "total fees for block "+
				"overflows accumulator")
		}

		// Connect the transaction to the UTXO viewpoint, so that in
		// flight transactions may correctly validate.
		err = view.connectTransaction(tx, node.height, uint32(idx),
			stxos, isTreasuryEnabled, isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	// The total output values of the coinbase transaction must not exceed
	// the expected subsidy value plus total transaction fees gained from
	// mining the block.  It is safe to ignore overflow and out of range
	// errors here because those error conditions would have already been
	// caught by checkTransactionSanity.
	if txTree { //TxTreeRegular
		// Apply penalty to fees if we're at stake validation height.
		if node.height >= b.chainParams.StakeValidationHeight {
			totalFees *= int64(node.voters)
			totalFees /= int64(b.chainParams.TicketsPerBlock)
		}

		var totalAtomOutRegular int64

		for _, txOut := range txs[0].MsgTx().TxOut {
			totalAtomOutRegular += txOut.Value
		}

		var expAtomOut int64
		if node.height == 1 {
			expAtomOut = b.subsidyCache.CalcBlockSubsidy(node.height)
		} else {
			subsidyWork := b.subsidyCache.CalcWorkSubsidy(node.height,
				node.voters)
			subsidyTax := b.subsidyCache.CalcTreasurySubsidy(node.height,
				node.voters, isTreasuryEnabled)
			if isTreasuryEnabled {
				// When TreasuryBase is enabled the subsidyTax
				// lives in STransactions.
				expAtomOut = subsidyWork + totalFees
			} else {
				expAtomOut = subsidyWork + subsidyTax + totalFees
			}
		}

		// AmountIn for the input should be equal to the subsidy.
		coinbaseIn := txs[0].MsgTx().TxIn[0]
		subsidyWithoutFees := expAtomOut - totalFees
		if (coinbaseIn.ValueIn != subsidyWithoutFees) &&
			(node.height > 0) {
			errStr := fmt.Sprintf("bad coinbase subsidy in input;"+
				" got %v, expected %v", coinbaseIn.ValueIn,
				subsidyWithoutFees)
			return ruleError(ErrBadCoinbaseAmountIn, errStr)
		}

		if totalAtomOutRegular > expAtomOut {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("coinbase transaction for block %v"+
				" pays %v which is more than expected value "+
				"of %v", node.hash, totalAtomOutRegular,
				expAtomOut)
			return ruleError(ErrBadCoinbaseValue, str)
		}
	} else { // TxTreeStake
		// When treasury is enabled check treasurybase value
		if node.height > 1 && isTreasuryEnabled {
			if len(txs) == 0 {
				// This should be impossible to hit but we
				// mimic the other len tests in this block.
				str := fmt.Sprintf("empty tx tree stake, "+
					"expected treasurybase at height %v",
					node.height)
				return ruleError(ErrNoStakeTx, str)
			}
			subsidyTax := b.subsidyCache.CalcTreasurySubsidy(node.height,
				node.voters, isTreasuryEnabled)
			treasurybaseIn := txs[0].MsgTx().TxIn[0]
			if treasurybaseIn.ValueIn != subsidyTax {
				errStr := fmt.Sprintf("bad treasurybase "+
					"subsidy in input; got %v, expected %v",
					treasurybaseIn.ValueIn,
					subsidyTax)
				return ruleError(ErrBadTreasurybaseAmountIn, errStr)
			}

		}

		if len(txs) == 0 &&
			node.height < b.chainParams.StakeValidationHeight {
			return nil
		}
		if len(txs) == 0 &&
			node.height >= b.chainParams.StakeValidationHeight {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("empty tx tree stake in block " +
				"after stake validation height")
			return ruleError(ErrNoStakeTx, str)
		}

		err := checkStakeBaseAmounts(b.subsidyCache, node.height,
			txs, view, isTreasuryEnabled)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		totalAtomOutStake, err := getStakeBaseAmounts(txs, view,
			isTreasuryEnabled)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		var expAtomOut int64
		if node.height >= b.chainParams.StakeValidationHeight {
			// Subsidy aligns with the height we're voting on, not
			// with the height of the current block.
			expAtomOut = b.subsidyCache.CalcStakeVoteSubsidy(node.height-1) *
				int64(node.voters)
		} else {
			expAtomOut = totalFees
		}

		if totalAtomOutStake > expAtomOut {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("stakebase transactions for block "+
				"pays %v which is more than expected value "+
				"of %v", totalAtomOutStake, expAtomOut)
			return ruleError(ErrBadStakebaseValue, str)
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// consensusScriptVerifyFlags returns the script flags that must be used when
// executing transaction scripts to enforce the consensus rules. This includes
// any flags required as the result of any agendas that have passed and become
// active.
func (b *BlockChain) consensusScriptVerifyFlags(node *blockNode) (txscript.ScriptFlags, error) {
	scriptFlags := txscript.ScriptVerifyCleanStack |
		txscript.ScriptVerifyCheckLockTimeVerify

	// Enable enforcement of OP_CSV and OP_SHA256 if the stake vote
	// for the agenda is active.
	lnFeaturesActive, err := b.isLNFeaturesAgendaActive(node.parent)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	if lnFeaturesActive {
		scriptFlags |= txscript.ScriptVerifyCheckSequenceVerify
		scriptFlags |= txscript.ScriptVerifySHA256
	}

	// Enable OP_TADD/OP_TSPEND/OP_TGEN if treasury opcodes are active.
	isTreasuryEnabled, err := b.isTreasuryAgendaActive(node.parent)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	if isTreasuryEnabled {
		scriptFlags |= txscript.ScriptVerifyTreasury
	}

	return scriptFlags, err
}

// tspendChecks verifies that a TSpend is allowed to be mined in the provided
// block. It verifies that it is on a TVI, is within the correct window, has
// not been mined before and that it doesn't overspend the treasury. This
// function assumes that the treasury agenda is enabled.
func (b *BlockChain) tspendChecks(prevNode *blockNode, block *dcrutil.Block) error {
	blockHeight := prevNode.height + 1
	isTVI := standalone.IsTreasuryVoteInterval(uint64(blockHeight),
		b.chainParams.TreasuryVoteInterval)

	// NOTE: Treasury spend transactions are rejected from blocks that are not
	// on a treasury vote interval during the contextual block checks.  Thus,
	// there are no additional checks in that case.
	if !isTVI {
		return nil
	}

	var totalTSpendAmount int64
	for _, stx := range block.STransactions() {
		if !stake.IsTSpend(stx.MsgTx()) {
			continue
		}

		// Assert that the treasury spend is inside the correct window.
		exp := stx.MsgTx().Expiry
		if !standalone.InsideTSpendWindow(blockHeight,
			exp, b.chainParams.TreasuryVoteInterval,
			b.chainParams.TreasuryVoteIntervalMultiplier) {

			str := fmt.Sprintf("block at height %d contains treasury spend "+
				"transaction %v with expiry %v that is outside of the valid "+
				"window", blockHeight, stx.Hash(), exp)
			return ruleError(ErrInvalidTSpendWindow, str)
		}

		// A valid TSPEND always stores the entire amount that the
		// treasury is spending in the first TxIn.
		valueIn := stx.MsgTx().TxIn[0].ValueIn
		totalTSpendAmount += valueIn

		// Verify that the ValueIn amount is identical to the LE
		// encoded ValueIn in the OP_RETURN. Since the TSpend has been
		// validated to be correct we simply index the bytes directly
		// without additional checks.
		leValueIn := stx.MsgTx().TxOut[0].PkScript[2 : 2+8]
		valueInOpRet := int64(binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(leValueIn))
		if valueIn != valueInOpRet {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains TSpend transaction "+
				"(%v) that did not encode ValueIn correctly "+
				"got %v wanted %v", stx.Hash(), valueInOpRet,
				valueIn)
			return ruleError(ErrInvalidTSpendValueIn, str)
		}

		// Verify this TSpend hash has not been included in a
		// prior block.
		err := b.checkTSpendExists(prevNode, *stx.Hash())
		if err != nil {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains a TSpend "+
				"transaction (%v) that has been mined "+
				"in another block: %v", stx.Hash(), err)
			return ruleError(ErrTSpendExists, str)
		}

		// Verify that this TSpend has enough votes to be
		// included on the blockchain.
		err = b.checkTSpendHasVotes(prevNode, stx)
		if err != nil {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains a TSpend "+
				"transaction (%v) that does not have "+
				"enough votes: %v", stx.Hash(), err)
			return ruleError(ErrNotEnoughTSpendVotes, str)
		}
	}

	// Check the aggregate of all TSpend transactions is within bounds of
	// the treasury account. This function is only called when we are on a
	// TVI and if we have accumulated expenditures.
	if isTVI && totalTSpendAmount > 0 {
		// Verify TSpend expenditure is within range.
		err := b.checkTSpendsExpenditure(prevNode, totalTSpendAmount)
		if err != nil {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains a TSpend that "+
				"has an invalid expenditure: %v", err)
			return ruleError(ErrInvalidExpenditure, str)
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// checkConnectBlock performs several checks to confirm connecting the passed
// block to the chain represented by the passed view does not violate any
// rules.  In addition, the passed view is updated to spend all of the
// referenced outputs and add all of the new utxos created by block.  Thus, the
// view will represent the state of the chain as if the block were actually
// connected and consequently the best hash for the view is also updated to
// passed block.
//
// When the header commitments parameter is not nil, it will be updated with the
// commitment data created by the function in order to perform validation so
// the caller is able to reuse it without having to recreate it.  The caller may
// specify nil if the data is not desired.
//
// An example of some of the checks performed are ensuring connecting the block
// would not cause any duplicate transaction hashes for old transactions that
// aren't already fully spent, double spends, exceeding the maximum allowed
// signature operations per block, invalid values in relation to the expected
// block subsidy, or fail transaction script validation.
//
// The CheckConnectBlockTemplate function makes use of this function to perform
// the bulk of its work.
//
// This function MUST be called with the chain state lock held (for writes).
func (b *BlockChain) checkConnectBlock(node *blockNode, block, parent *dcrutil.Block, view *UtxoViewpoint, stxos *[]spentTxOut, hdrCommitments *headerCommitmentData) error {
	// Ensure the view is for the node being checked.
	parentHash := &block.MsgBlock().Header.PrevBlock
	if !view.BestHash().IsEqual(parentHash) {
		return AssertError(fmt.Sprintf("inconsistent view when "+
			"checking block connection: best hash is %v instead "+
			"of expected %v", view.BestHash(), parentHash))
	}

	// Check that either the coinbase or the treasurybase pays the treasury the
	// correct amount depending on the result of the treasury agenda vote that
	// modifies the semantics of the payout.
	isTreasuryEnabled, err := b.isTreasuryAgendaActive(node.parent)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if isTreasuryEnabled {
		if len(block.STransactions()) == 0 {
			return AssertError("invalid STransactions length")
		}
		err = checkTreasuryBase(b.subsidyCache,
			block.STransactions()[0], node.height, node.voters,
			b.chainParams)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	} else {
		err = coinbasePaysTreasuryAddress(b.subsidyCache,
			block.Transactions()[0], node.height, node.voters,
			b.chainParams, isTreasuryEnabled)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	// Verify treasury spends.  This is done relatively late because the
	// database needs to be coherent.
	if isTreasuryEnabled {
		err = b.tspendChecks(node.parent, block)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	// Don't run scripts if this node is before the latest known good
	// checkpoint since the validity is verified via the checkpoints (all
	// transactions are included in the merkle root hash and any changes
	// will therefore be detected by the next checkpoint).  This is a huge
	// optimization because running the scripts is the most time consuming
	// portion of block handling.
	checkpoint := b.LatestCheckpoint()
	runScripts := !b.noVerify
	if checkpoint != nil && node.height <= checkpoint.Height {
		runScripts = false
	}
	var scriptFlags txscript.ScriptFlags
	if runScripts {
		var err error
		scriptFlags, err = b.consensusScriptVerifyFlags(node)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	// Determine if the automatic ticket revocations agenda is active as of the
	// block being checked.
	isAutoRevocationsEnabled, err := b.isAutoRevocationsAgendaActive(node.parent)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Disconnect all of the transactions in the regular transaction tree of
	// the parent if the block being checked votes against it.
	if node.height > 1 && !voteBitsApproveParent(node.voteBits) {
		err = view.disconnectDisapprovedBlock(b.db, parent,
			isTreasuryEnabled, isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	// Ensure the stake transaction tree does not contain any transactions
	// that 'overwrite' older transactions which are not fully spent.
	err = b.checkDupTxs(block.STransactions(), view, wire.TxTreeStake)
	if err != nil {
		log.Tracef("checkDupTxs failed for cur TxTreeStake: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	// Load all of the utxos referenced by the inputs for all transactions
	// in the block don't already exist in the utxo view from the database.
	//
	// These utxo entries are needed for verification of things such as
	// transaction inputs, counting pay-to-script-hashes, and scripts.
	err = view.fetchInputUtxos(block, isTreasuryEnabled, isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = b.checkTransactionsAndConnect(0, node, block.STransactions(),
		view, stxos, false)
	if err != nil {
		log.Tracef("checkTransactionsAndConnect failed for "+
			"TxTreeStake: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	stakeTreeFees, err := getStakeTreeFees(b.subsidyCache, node.height,
		block.STransactions(), view, isTreasuryEnabled)
	if err != nil {
		log.Tracef("getStakeTreeFees failed for TxTreeStake: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	// Enforce all relative lock times via sequence numbers for the stake
	// transaction tree once the stake vote for the agenda is active.
	var prevMedianTime time.Time
	lnFeaturesActive, err := b.isLNFeaturesAgendaActive(node.parent)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if lnFeaturesActive {
		// Use the past median time of the *previous* block in order
		// to determine if the transactions in the current block are
		// final.
		prevMedianTime = node.parent.CalcPastMedianTime()

		for _, stx := range block.STransactions() {
			sequenceLock, err := b.calcSequenceLock(node, stx,
				view, true)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if !SequenceLockActive(sequenceLock, node.height,
				prevMedianTime) {

				str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains " +
					"stake transaction whose input " +
					"sequence locks are not met")
				return ruleError(ErrUnfinalizedTx, str)
			}
		}
	}

	if runScripts {
		err = checkBlockScripts(block, view, false, scriptFlags,
			b.sigCache, isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
		if err != nil {
			log.Tracef("checkBlockScripts failed; error returned "+
				"on txtreestake of cur block: %v", err)
			return err
		}
	}

	// Ensure the regular transaction tree does not contain any transactions
	// that 'overwrite' older transactions which are not fully spent.
	err = b.checkDupTxs(block.Transactions(), view, wire.TxTreeRegular)
	if err != nil {
		log.Tracef("checkDupTxs failed for cur TxTreeRegular: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	err = b.checkTransactionsAndConnect(stakeTreeFees, node,
		block.Transactions(), view, stxos, true)
	if err != nil {
		log.Tracef("checkTransactionsAndConnect failed for cur "+
			"TxTreeRegular: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	// Enforce all relative lock times via sequence numbers for the regular
	// transaction tree once the stake vote for the agenda is active.
	if lnFeaturesActive {
		// Skip the coinbase since it does not have any inputs and thus
		// lock times do not apply.
		for _, tx := range block.Transactions()[1:] {
			sequenceLock, err := b.calcSequenceLock(node, tx, view, true)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if !SequenceLockActive(sequenceLock, node.height,
				prevMedianTime) {

				str := fmt.Sprintf("block contains " +
					"transaction whose input sequence " +
					"locks are not met")
				return ruleError(ErrUnfinalizedTx, str)
			}
		}
	}

	// Create a version 2 GCS filter for the block and set the filter into the
	// caller provided header commitment data when requested.
	//
	// This approach is used because the filter creation requires the state of
	// the utxo set after all transactions in the block have been added to it
	// since some of the referenced scripts might be outputs of transactions
	// earlier in the block which will typically not already be available in the
	// view for the caller until after this function returns.  That means the
	// caller would have to perform duplicate work that this function already
	// performs to be able to create the filter.  Since the filter is is needed
	// at this point to verify the header commitments, a good option is to
	// simply create it here and allow the caller to request the filter be
	// returned to it.
	filter, err := blockcf2.Regular(block.MsgBlock(), view)
	if err != nil {
		return ruleError(ErrMissingTxOut, err.Error())
	}
	if hdrCommitments != nil {
		hdrCommitments.filter = filter
	}

	// The calculated commitment root must match the associated entry in the
	// header once the vote for the header commitments agenda is active.
	//
	// The header commitments agenda combines the existing stake tree merkle
	// root header field with the regular merkle root field and repurposes the
	// stake root field to house the commitment root instead.
	hdrCommitmentsActive, err := b.isHeaderCommitmentsAgendaActive(node.parent)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if hdrCommitmentsActive {
		wantCommitmentRoot := CalcCommitmentRootV1(filter.Hash())
		header := &block.MsgBlock().Header
		if header.StakeRoot != wantCommitmentRoot {
			str := fmt.Sprintf("block commitment root is invalid - block "+
				"header indicates %v, but calculated value is %v",
				header.StakeRoot, wantCommitmentRoot)
			return ruleError(ErrBadCommitmentRoot, str)
		}
	}

	if runScripts {
		err = checkBlockScripts(block, view, true, scriptFlags,
			b.sigCache, isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
		if err != nil {
			log.Tracef("checkBlockScripts failed; error returned "+
				"on txtreeregular of cur block: %v", err)
			return err
		}
	}

	// First block has special rules concerning the ledger.
	if node.height == 1 {
		err := blockOneCoinbasePaysTokens(block.Transactions()[0],
			b.chainParams)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	// Update the best hash for view to include this block since all of its
	// transactions have been connected.
	view.SetBestHash(&node.hash)

	return nil
}

// CheckConnectBlockTemplate fully validates that connecting the passed block to
// either the tip of the main chain or its parent does not violate any consensus
// rules, aside from the proof of work requirement.  The block must connect to
// the current tip of the main chain or its parent.
//
// This function is safe for concurrent access.
func (b *BlockChain) CheckConnectBlockTemplate(block *dcrutil.Block) error {
	b.chainLock.Lock()
	defer b.chainLock.Unlock()

	// Skip the proof of work check as this is just a block template.
	flags := BFNoPoWCheck

	// The block template must build off the current tip of the main chain
	// or its parent.
	tip := b.bestChain.Tip()
	var prevNode *blockNode
	parentHash := block.MsgBlock().Header.PrevBlock
	if parentHash == tip.hash {
		prevNode = tip
	} else if tip.parent != nil && parentHash == tip.parent.hash {
		prevNode = tip.parent
	}
	if prevNode == nil {
		var str string
		if tip.parent != nil {
			str = fmt.Sprintf("previous block must be the current chain tip "+
				"%s or its parent %s, but got %s", tip.hash, tip.parent.hash,
				parentHash)
		} else {
			str = fmt.Sprintf("previous block must be the current chain tip "+
				"%s, but got %s", tip.hash, parentHash)
		}
		return ruleError(ErrInvalidTemplateParent, str)
	}

	// Perform context-free sanity checks on the block and its transactions.
	err := checkBlockSanity(block, b.timeSource, flags, b.chainParams)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// The block must pass all of the validation rules which depend on having
	// the headers of all ancestors available, but do not rely on having the
	// full block data of all ancestors available.
	err = b.checkBlockPositional(block, prevNode, flags)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// The block must pass all of the validation rules which depend on having
	// the full block data for all of its ancestors available.
	err = b.checkBlockContext(block, prevNode, flags)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	newNode := newBlockNode(&block.MsgBlock().Header, prevNode)
	newNode.populateTicketInfo(stake.FindSpentTicketsInBlock(block.MsgBlock()))

	// Use the chain state as is when extending the main (best) chain.
	if prevNode.hash == tip.hash {
		// Grab the parent block since it is required throughout the block
		// connection process.
		parent, err := b.fetchMainChainBlockByNode(prevNode)
		if err != nil {
			return ruleError(ErrMissingParent, err.Error())
		}

		view := NewUtxoViewpoint(b.utxoCache)
		view.SetBestHash(&tip.hash)

		return b.checkConnectBlock(newNode, block, parent, view, nil, nil)
	}

	// At this point, the block template must be building on the parent of the
	// current tip due to the previous checks, so undo the transactions and
	// spend information for the tip block to reach the point of view of the
	// block template.
	view := NewUtxoViewpoint(b.utxoCache)
	view.SetBestHash(&tip.hash)
	tipBlock, err := b.fetchMainChainBlockByNode(tip)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	parent, err := b.fetchMainChainBlockByNode(tip.parent)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Load all of the spent txos for the tip block from the spend journal.
	isTreasuryEnabled, err := b.isTreasuryAgendaActive(prevNode)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	var stxos []spentTxOut
	err = b.db.View(func(dbTx database.Tx) error {
		stxos, err = dbFetchSpendJournalEntry(dbTx, tipBlock, isTreasuryEnabled)
		return err
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Determine if the automatic ticket revocations agenda is active as of the
	// block being checked.
	isAutoRevocationsEnabled, err := b.isAutoRevocationsAgendaActive(prevNode)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Update the view to unspend all of the spent txos and remove the utxos
	// created by the tip block.  Also, if the block votes against its parent,
	// reconnect all of the regular transactions.
	err = view.disconnectBlock(tipBlock, parent, stxos, isTreasuryEnabled,
		isAutoRevocationsEnabled)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// The view is now from the point of view of the parent of the current tip
	// block.  Ensure the block template can be connected without violating any
	// rules.
	return b.checkConnectBlock(newNode, block, parent, view, nil, nil)
}

// checkTicketExhaustion ensures that extending the provided block with a block
// that contains the specified number of ticket purchases will not result in
// a chain that is unrecoverable due to inevitable ticket exhaustion.  This
// scenario happens when the number of live tickets drops below the number of
// tickets that is needed to reach the next block at which any outstanding
// immature ticket purchases that would provide the necessary live tickets
// mature.
//
// This function is safe for concurrent access.
func (b *BlockChain) checkTicketExhaustion(prevNode *blockNode, ticketPurchases uint8) error {
	// Nothing to do if the chain is not far enough along where ticket
	// exhaustion could be an issue.
	//
	// Note that the +1 added to the ticket maturity is because the lottery for
	// each block selects tickets from the state of the pool as of the previous
	// block and the first votes are required to be included at stake validation
	// height, which means the tickets need to be live as of one block prior.
	//
	// Another way to look at it is that matured tickets do not become eligible
	// for selection until the block AFTER the maturity period.
	nextHeight := prevNode.height + 1
	stakeValidationHeight := b.chainParams.StakeValidationHeight
	ticketMaturity := int64(b.chainParams.TicketMaturity)
	if nextHeight+ticketMaturity+1 < stakeValidationHeight {
		return nil
	}

	// Calculate the final pool size of live tickets after the ticket maturity
	// period relative to the next block height.
	//
	// Note that the pool size in the block header indicates the pool size
	// BEFORE applying the block, so this adjusts the final pool size
	// accordingly by adding any tickets that matured in said previous block as
	// well as subtracting tickets consumed by votes if at least at stake
	// validation height.  This is why both the call to sum purchased tickets
	// and the number of voting blocks in the maturity period are one more than
	// might otherwise be expected.
	//
	// In addition, adjust the pool size for all tickets that will mature during
	// the ticket maturity interval, which includes any tickets purchased in the
	// block that is extending the block being checked, as well as all votes
	// that will consume tickets.
	finalPoolSize := int64(prevNode.poolSize)
	finalPoolSize += b.sumPurchasedTickets(prevNode, ticketMaturity+1)
	finalPoolSize += int64(ticketPurchases)
	votingBlocksInMaturityPeriod := ticketMaturity + 2
	if prevNode.height < stakeValidationHeight {
		nonVotingBlocks := stakeValidationHeight - prevNode.height
		votingBlocksInMaturityPeriod -= nonVotingBlocks
	}
	votesPerBlock := int64(b.chainParams.TicketsPerBlock)
	finalPoolSize -= votingBlocksInMaturityPeriod * votesPerBlock

	// Ensure that the final pool of live tickets after the ticket maturity
	// period will have enough tickets to prevent becoming unrecoverable.
	if finalPoolSize < votesPerBlock {
		purchasesNeeded := votesPerBlock - finalPoolSize
		str := fmt.Sprintf("extending block %s (height %d) with a block that "+
			"contains fewer than %d ticket purchase(s) would result in an "+
			"unrecoverable chain due to ticket exhaustion", prevNode.hash,
			prevNode.height, purchasesNeeded)
		return ruleError(ErrTicketExhaustion, str)
	}

	return nil
}

// CheckTicketExhaustion ensures that extending the block associated with the
// provided hash with a block that contains the specified number of ticket
// purchases will not result in a chain that is unrecoverable due to inevitable
// ticket exhaustion.  This scenario happens when the number of live tickets
// drops below the number of tickets that is needed to reach the next block at
// which any outstanding immature ticket purchases that would provide the
// necessary live tickets mature.
//
// This function is safe for concurrent access.
func (b *BlockChain) CheckTicketExhaustion(hash *chainhash.Hash, ticketPurchases uint8) error {
	node := b.index.LookupNode(hash)
	if node == nil {
		return unknownBlockError(hash)
	}

	return b.checkTicketExhaustion(node, ticketPurchases)
}