fix: document element IDs as opaque (#202)

* fix(release): remove appcast entry for unpublished 3.5.3 release

The appcast advertised v3.5.3 but no GitHub release asset exists,
causing Sparkle updates to fail with a 404 when downloading the zip.

Co-authored-by: Cursor <cursoragent@cursor.com>

* docs: credit appcast rollback contributor

---------

Co-authored-by: Cursor <cursoragent@cursor.com>
Co-authored-by: Peter Steinberger <steipete@gmail.com>

.agents/skills/release-peekaboo/SKILL.md

@@ -99,10 +99,11 @@ If both `history` and non-S3 `submit` fail, suspect wrong access level or stale
 
 ```bash
 op run --env-file "$ENVFILE" -- \
-  bash -lc 'printf "y\n" | ./scripts/release-binaries.sh --create-github-release --publish-npm'
+  bash -c 'printf "y\n" | ./scripts/release-binaries.sh --create-github-release --publish-npm'
 ```
 
 The script builds universal CLI, npm package, signed/notarized app zip, appcast, checksums, draft GitHub release, and npm publish.
+Use a non-login shell: profile exports can replace current 1Password ASC IDs with stale values while leaving the current `.p8`, producing a misleading `401`.
 
 Notarized releases must sign with `Developer ID Application: Peter Steinberger (Y5PE65HELJ)`, not `Apple Development`. If your shell has `SIGN_IDENTITY` exported for CLI builds, override it for the release command.
 
@@ -114,6 +115,7 @@ Required before closeout:
 
 ```bash
 npm view @steipete/peekaboo@<version> version dist-tags dist.tarball dist.integrity time --json
+(cd /tmp && npm exec --yes --package=@steipete/peekaboo@<version> -- peekaboo --version)
 gh release view v<version> --repo openclaw/Peekaboo --json tagName,isDraft,isPrerelease,url,assets,body
 xmllint --noout appcast.xml
 git status --short --branch
@@ -122,6 +124,7 @@ git status --short --branch
 Confirm:
 
 - npm version exists and `latest` points to it.
+- npm-downloaded CLI reports the release version from a neutral cwd.
 - GitHub release/tag/assets exist; release body is from changelog.
 - app zip asset exists and appcast points at `v<version>`.
 - `appcast.xml` changes are committed and pushed.

AGENTS.md

@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@
 - Batch git network ops in groups: commit related repo changes first, then push/pull repos together so submodule gitlinks stay coherent.
 - PRs should summarize intent, list test commands executed, mention doc updates, and include screenshots or terminal snippets when behavior changes.
 - Never release or publish without an explicit release command.
+- Peekaboo releases: follow `$release-peekaboo`; current Mac + existing 1Password credentials first. App Store Connect changes last resort, only after same-item `notarytool history` and non-S3 `submit` both fail.
+- Credentialed release wrappers: `bash -c`, never login shells; profile exports can override ASC IDs and mix credentials.
+- Published CLI proof: run `npm exec` from `/tmp`; repo cwd may shadow the downloaded package with a local binary.
 - During PR triage, keep moving autonomously: fix defects, add obvious scoped features, and rewrite or land what makes sense.
 - Before landing every PR, run autoreview until no actionable findings remain and fix or rerun CI until green.
 

Apps/CLI/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -5,6 +5,28 @@ All notable changes to Peekaboo CLI will be documented in this file.
 The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/),
 and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
 
+## [3.5.3] - 2026-06-13
+
+### Fixed
+- Public CLI, agent, MCP, and API guidance now treats runtime element IDs as opaque strings to copy exactly instead of implying role-specific ID shapes. Thanks @coygeek for #194.
+- JSON-only `peekaboo see` runs without `--path` now keep required screenshots in snapshot storage instead of leaving files on Desktop or exposing their temporary paths. Thanks @coygeek for #196.
+- Background element/query/coordinate clicks now pin actions to the requested process and exact window, reject mismatched window/PID selectors and unverifiable snapshots, invalidate implicit latest snapshots without deleting history, and no longer require Event Synthesizing when Accessibility completes the click.
+- App launch, open, and inventory commands now use the selected runtime host, fixing sandboxed LaunchServices failures; launch/open preserve `--no-focus` and caller-relative app paths, relaunch preflights and keeps quit/wait/launch in one daemon-held transaction, build-scoped fallback daemons remain reusable and controllable across native/Rosetta execution and executable upgrades, incompatible legacy hosts no longer force sandboxed local fallback, and inventory ignores unrelated input overrides.
+- Agent, MCP, script, CLI, and bridge mutations now advance implicit-snapshot watermarks at host-confirmed completion or observation boundaries, keep durable pending barriers across client timeouts/disconnects without hiding the acting command's own snapshot, carry remote script observation certificates, recover safely from PID reuse, ignore unavailable alternate hosts after protecting the selected/local stores, and preserve explicit snapshot history.
+
+## [3.5.2] - 2026-06-13
+
+### Changed
+- `peekaboo type` and the MCP `type` tool now default to zero-delay linear typing; supplying `--wpm`/`wpm` still opts into human cadence.
+
+### Fixed
+- Synchronized Tachikoma's OpenAI `gpt-5-chat-latest` catalog metadata so configured models apply the correct GPT-5 parameter filtering.
+
+## [3.5.1] - 2026-06-12
+
+### Fixed
+- `peekaboo see` now returns at its configured wall-clock deadline when suspended capture or detection work ignores task cancellation, while preserving explicit command cancellation.
+
 ## [3.5.0] - 2026-06-12
 
 ### Added

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/CLI/CommanderRuntimeExecutor.swift

@@ -1,11 +1,34 @@
 import Commander
 import Foundation
+import PeekabooAutomationKit
 
 /// Commands or runtime contexts that can specify a preferred capture engine.
 protocol CaptureEngineConfigurable: AnyObject {
     var captureEngine: String? { get }
 }
 
+enum CommanderRuntimeExecutorMessage {
+    static let snapshotInvalidationWarning =
+        "Warning: The requested action succeeded, but stale UI snapshots could not be invalidated after retry. " +
+        "Do not retry the action."
+}
+
+enum CommanderRuntimeExecutorError: LocalizedError {
+    case snapshotCatchUpFailed(any Error)
+    case mutationBarrierFailed(any Error)
+
+    var errorDescription: String? {
+        switch self {
+        case let .snapshotCatchUpFailed(error):
+            "Could not synchronize the selected host's UI snapshot watermark before execution: " +
+                "the requested command was not executed, so retrying later is safe. " + error.localizedDescription
+        case let .mutationBarrierFailed(error):
+            "Could not establish the desktop mutation barrier before execution: " +
+                "the requested command was not executed, so retrying later is safe. " + error.localizedDescription
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 @MainActor
 enum CommanderRuntimeExecutor {
     static func resolveAndRun(arguments: [String]) async throws {
@@ -30,11 +53,204 @@ enum CommanderRuntimeExecutor {
                 setenv("PEEKABOO_CAPTURE_ENGINE", capturePreference, 1)
             }
             let runtime = await CommandRuntime.makeDefaultAsync(options: runtimeOptions)
-            try await runtimeCommand.run(using: runtime)
+            try await self.catchUpSelectedHostIfNeeded(
+                using: runtime,
+                required: runtimeOptions.requiresImplicitSnapshotInvalidation ||
+                    runtimeOptions.usesPerToolSnapshotInvalidation
+            )
+            try await DeferredCommandOutput.run(
+                bufferingOutput: runtimeOptions.requiresImplicitSnapshotInvalidation
+            ) {
+                try await self.runWithImplicitSnapshotInvalidation(
+                    using: runtime,
+                    required: runtimeOptions.requiresImplicitSnapshotInvalidation,
+                    requiresCallerBarrier: runtimeOptions.requiresCallerDesktopMutationBarrier
+                ) {
+                    try await runtimeCommand.run(using: runtime)
+                }
+            }
             return
         }
 
         var plainCommand = command
         try await plainCommand.run()
     }
+
+    static func catchUpSelectedHostIfNeeded(
+        using runtime: CommandRuntime,
+        required: Bool
+    ) async throws {
+        guard required else { return }
+        try Task.checkCancellation()
+        let cutoff = runtime.services.snapshots.effectiveImplicitLatestInvalidationWatermark
+        try Task.checkCancellation()
+        guard let cutoff else { return }
+        do {
+            _ = try await runtime.services.snapshots.invalidateImplicitLatestSnapshot(
+                through: cutoff,
+                preserving: nil,
+                preservedAt: nil
+            )
+            try Task.checkCancellation()
+        } catch let error as CancellationError {
+            throw error
+        } catch {
+            throw CommanderRuntimeExecutorError.snapshotCatchUpFailed(error)
+        }
+    }
+
+    static func runWithImplicitSnapshotInvalidation<T>(
+        using runtime: CommandRuntime,
+        required: Bool,
+        requiresCallerBarrier: Bool = false,
+        operation: () async throws -> T
+    ) async throws -> T {
+        let mutationSequenceAtStart = runtime.interactionMutationTracker.mutationSequence
+        let needsCallerBarrier = required &&
+            (runtime.selectedRemoteSocketPath == nil || requiresCallerBarrier)
+        let createdDurableMutation: Bool
+        if needsCallerBarrier {
+            do {
+                createdDurableMutation = try runtime.interactionMutationTracker.beginDurableMutation()
+            } catch {
+                throw CommanderRuntimeExecutorError.mutationBarrierFailed(error)
+            }
+        } else {
+            createdDurableMutation = false
+        }
+        let result: T
+        do {
+            result = try await runtime.interactionMutationTracker.withPendingDurableMutationVisible(
+                createdByCurrentCommand: createdDurableMutation,
+                operation: operation
+            )
+            try Task.checkCancellation()
+        } catch {
+            _ = await self.invalidateSnapshotsAfterCommandIfNeeded(
+                using: runtime,
+                required: required,
+                succeeded: false,
+                mutationSequenceAtStart: mutationSequenceAtStart,
+                createdDurableMutation: createdDurableMutation
+            )
+            throw error
+        }
+
+        let hadPendingMutation = required && runtime.interactionMutationTracker.mutationStartedAt != nil
+        let invalidated = await invalidateSnapshotsAfterCommandIfNeeded(
+            using: runtime,
+            required: required,
+            succeeded: true,
+            mutationSequenceAtStart: mutationSequenceAtStart,
+            createdDurableMutation: createdDurableMutation
+        )
+        do {
+            try Task.checkCancellation()
+        } catch {
+            if hadPendingMutation {
+                _ = await self.invalidateSnapshots(
+                    using: runtime,
+                    reason: "command cancellation",
+                    through: Date(),
+                    preserving: nil,
+                    preservedAt: nil
+                )
+            }
+            throw error
+        }
+        if !invalidated {
+            fputs("\(CommanderRuntimeExecutorMessage.snapshotInvalidationWarning)\n", stderr)
+        }
+        return result
+    }
+
+    private static func invalidateSnapshotsAfterCommandIfNeeded(
+        using runtime: CommandRuntime,
+        required: Bool,
+        succeeded: Bool,
+        mutationSequenceAtStart: UInt64,
+        createdDurableMutation: Bool
+    ) async -> Bool {
+        let completion = Date()
+        guard required else { return true }
+        guard runtime.interactionMutationTracker.mutationStartedAt != nil else {
+            guard createdDurableMutation else {
+                return !runtime.interactionMutationTracker.hasPendingDurableMutation
+            }
+            do {
+                try runtime.interactionMutationTracker.cancelDurableMutation()
+                return true
+            } catch {
+                return false
+            }
+        }
+        guard let requestedCutoff = runtime.interactionMutationTracker.invalidationCutoff(
+            commandCompletedAt: completion,
+            succeeded: succeeded
+        )
+        else { return true }
+        let durableCompletion: DesktopMutationWatermarkStore.MutationCompletion?
+        do {
+            if createdDurableMutation,
+               runtime.interactionMutationTracker.mutationSequence == mutationSequenceAtStart {
+                try runtime.interactionMutationTracker.cancelDurableMutation()
+                durableCompletion = nil
+            } else {
+                durableCompletion = try runtime.interactionMutationTracker.completeDurableMutation(
+                    through: succeeded ? requestedCutoff : completion
+                )
+            }
+        } catch {
+            runtime.interactionMutationTracker.markInvalidationFailed(through: completion)
+            return false
+        }
+        let cutoff = max(requestedCutoff, durableCompletion?.cutoff ?? requestedCutoff)
+        let preservationAllowed = durableCompletion?.allowsObservationPreservation ?? true
+        let preservedSnapshotID = succeeded && preservationAllowed
+            ? runtime.interactionMutationTracker.preservedSnapshotID
+            : nil
+        let preservedAt = preservedSnapshotID == nil
+            ? nil
+            : runtime.interactionMutationTracker.preservedAt
+        return await self.invalidateSnapshots(
+            using: runtime,
+            reason: "command execution",
+            through: cutoff,
+            preserving: preservedSnapshotID,
+            preservedAt: preservedAt
+        )
+    }
+
+    private static func invalidateSnapshots(
+        using runtime: CommandRuntime,
+        reason: String,
+        through cutoff: Date,
+        preserving preservedSnapshotID: String?,
+        preservedAt: Date?
+    ) async -> Bool {
+        let targets = runtime.interactionMutationTargets
+        let isRetry = runtime.interactionMutationTracker.hasFailedInvalidationAttempt
+        let invalidated = await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+            targets: targets,
+            logger: runtime.logger,
+            reason: reason,
+            through: cutoff,
+            preserving: preservedSnapshotID,
+            preservedAt: preservedAt
+        )
+        if invalidated {
+            return true
+        }
+        if isRetry {
+            return false
+        }
+        return await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+            targets: targets,
+            logger: runtime.logger,
+            reason: "\(reason) retry",
+            through: cutoff,
+            preserving: preservedSnapshotID,
+            preservedAt: preservedAt
+        )
+    }
 }

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/CLI/Output/DeferredCommandOutput.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+import Darwin
+import Foundation
+
+enum DeferredCommandOutput {
+    static func run<T>(
+        bufferingOutput: Bool,
+        operation: () async throws -> T
+    ) async throws -> T {
+        guard bufferingOutput else {
+            return try await operation()
+        }
+
+        let inheritedTerminalOutput = TerminalDetector.standardOutputFileDescriptor
+        let capture = try FileDescriptorOutputCapture()
+        let terminalOutput = inheritedTerminalOutput ?? capture.originalStandardOutputDescriptor
+        let result: T
+        do {
+            result = try await TerminalDetector.$standardOutputFileDescriptor.withValue(terminalOutput) {
+                try await operation()
+            }
+        } catch {
+            let shouldReplay = !(error is CancellationError)
+            // Preserve the command's primary error even if restoring or replaying output fails.
+            Logger.shared.flush()
+            try? capture.finish(replayingOutput: shouldReplay)
+            throw error
+        }
+
+        Logger.shared.flush()
+        try capture.finish(replayingOutput: true)
+        return result
+    }
+}
+
+private nonisolated enum DeferredCommandOutputError: LocalizedError {
+    case posix(operation: String, code: Int32)
+
+    var errorDescription: String? {
+        switch self {
+        case let .posix(operation, code):
+            "Failed to \(operation): \(String(cString: strerror(code)))"
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+private final nonisolated class FileDescriptorOutputCapture {
+    private var stdoutCapture: Int32 = -1
+    private var stderrCapture: Int32 = -1
+    private var originalStdout: Int32 = -1
+    private var originalStderr: Int32 = -1
+    private var stdoutRedirected = false
+    private var stderrRedirected = false
+    private var finished = false
+
+    var originalStandardOutputDescriptor: Int32 {
+        self.originalStdout
+    }
+
+    init() throws {
+        // Keep output emitted before this command outside its deferred transaction.
+        _ = fflush(nil)
+
+        do {
+            self.stdoutCapture = try Self.makeTemporaryFile(named: "stdout")
+            self.stderrCapture = try Self.makeTemporaryFile(named: "stderr")
+            self.originalStdout = try Self.duplicate(STDOUT_FILENO, named: "stdout")
+            self.originalStderr = try Self.duplicate(STDERR_FILENO, named: "stderr")
+
+            try Self.redirect(self.stdoutCapture, to: STDOUT_FILENO, named: "stdout")
+            self.stdoutRedirected = true
+            try Self.redirect(self.stderrCapture, to: STDERR_FILENO, named: "stderr")
+            self.stderrRedirected = true
+        } catch {
+            self.restoreIgnoringErrors()
+            self.closeDescriptors()
+            throw error
+        }
+    }
+
+    deinit {
+        guard !self.finished else { return }
+        _ = fflush(nil)
+        self.restoreIgnoringErrors()
+        self.closeDescriptors()
+    }
+
+    func finish(replayingOutput: Bool) throws {
+        guard !self.finished else { return }
+
+        _ = fflush(nil)
+        try self.restore()
+
+        defer {
+            self.finished = true
+            self.closeDescriptors()
+        }
+
+        if replayingOutput {
+            try Self.replay(from: self.stdoutCapture, to: self.originalStdout, named: "stdout")
+            try Self.replay(from: self.stderrCapture, to: self.originalStderr, named: "stderr")
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func restore() throws {
+        var firstError: (any Error)?
+
+        if self.stdoutRedirected {
+            do {
+                try Self.redirect(self.originalStdout, to: STDOUT_FILENO, named: "stdout")
+                self.stdoutRedirected = false
+            } catch {
+                firstError = error
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.stderrRedirected {
+            do {
+                try Self.redirect(self.originalStderr, to: STDERR_FILENO, named: "stderr")
+                self.stderrRedirected = false
+            } catch {
+                firstError = firstError ?? error
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let firstError {
+            throw firstError
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func restoreIgnoringErrors() {
+        if self.stdoutRedirected, dup2(self.originalStdout, STDOUT_FILENO) != -1 {
+            self.stdoutRedirected = false
+        }
+        if self.stderrRedirected, dup2(self.originalStderr, STDERR_FILENO) != -1 {
+            self.stderrRedirected = false
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func closeDescriptors() {
+        Self.close(&self.stdoutCapture)
+        Self.close(&self.stderrCapture)
+        Self.close(&self.originalStdout)
+        Self.close(&self.originalStderr)
+    }
+
+    private static func makeTemporaryFile(named stream: String) throws -> Int32 {
+        var template = Array("\(NSTemporaryDirectory())peekaboo-\(stream).XXXXXX".utf8CString)
+        let descriptor = template.withUnsafeMutableBufferPointer { buffer -> Int32 in
+            guard let baseAddress = buffer.baseAddress else { return -1 }
+            let descriptor = mkstemp(baseAddress)
+            if descriptor != -1 {
+                _ = unlink(baseAddress)
+            }
+            return descriptor
+        }
+        guard descriptor != -1 else {
+            throw DeferredCommandOutputError.posix(
+                operation: "create deferred \(stream) output",
+                code: errno
+            )
+        }
+        Self.setCloseOnExec(descriptor)
+        return descriptor
+    }
+
+    private static func duplicate(_ descriptor: Int32, named stream: String) throws -> Int32 {
+        let duplicate = dup(descriptor)
+        guard duplicate != -1 else {
+            throw DeferredCommandOutputError.posix(
+                operation: "duplicate \(stream)",
+                code: errno
+            )
+        }
+        Self.setCloseOnExec(duplicate)
+        return duplicate
+    }
+
+    private static func redirect(_ source: Int32, to destination: Int32, named stream: String) throws {
+        guard dup2(source, destination) != -1 else {
+            throw DeferredCommandOutputError.posix(
+                operation: "redirect \(stream)",
+                code: errno
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static func replay(from source: Int32, to destination: Int32, named stream: String) throws {
+        guard lseek(source, 0, SEEK_SET) != -1 else {
+            throw DeferredCommandOutputError.posix(
+                operation: "rewind deferred \(stream) output",
+                code: errno
+            )
+        }
+
+        var buffer = [UInt8](repeating: 0, count: 64 * 1024)
+        while true {
+            let bytesRead = buffer.withUnsafeMutableBytes { bytes in
+                Darwin.read(source, bytes.baseAddress, bytes.count)
+            }
+            if bytesRead == 0 {
+                return
+            }
+            if bytesRead == -1 {
+                if errno == EINTR {
+                    continue
+                }
+                throw DeferredCommandOutputError.posix(
+                    operation: "read deferred \(stream) output",
+                    code: errno
+                )
+            }
+
+            var offset = 0
+            while offset < bytesRead {
+                let bytesWritten = buffer.withUnsafeBytes { bytes in
+                    Darwin.write(
+                        destination,
+                        bytes.baseAddress?.advanced(by: offset),
+                        bytesRead - offset
+                    )
+                }
+                if bytesWritten == -1 {
+                    if errno == EINTR {
+                        continue
+                    }
+                    throw DeferredCommandOutputError.posix(
+                        operation: "replay deferred \(stream) output",
+                        code: errno
+                    )
+                }
+                offset += bytesWritten
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static func setCloseOnExec(_ descriptor: Int32) {
+        let flags = fcntl(descriptor, F_GETFD)
+        if flags != -1 {
+            _ = fcntl(descriptor, F_SETFD, flags | FD_CLOEXEC)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static func close(_ descriptor: inout Int32) {
+        guard descriptor != -1 else { return }
+        _ = Darwin.close(descriptor)
+        descriptor = -1
+    }
+}

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/CLI/Output/TerminalDetection.swift

@@ -28,14 +28,18 @@ struct TerminalCapabilities {
 
 /// Terminal detection utilities following modern CLI best practices
 enum TerminalDetector {
+    @TaskLocal
+    static var standardOutputFileDescriptor: Int32?
+
     /// Detect comprehensive terminal capabilities
     static func detectCapabilities() -> TerminalCapabilities {
         // Detect comprehensive terminal capabilities
-        let isInteractive = self.isInteractiveTerminal()
-        let (width, height) = self.getTerminalDimensions()
+        let outputFileDescriptor = self.standardOutputFileDescriptor ?? STDOUT_FILENO
+        let isInteractive = self.isInteractiveTerminal(outputFileDescriptor)
+        let (width, height) = self.getTerminalDimensions(outputFileDescriptor)
         let termType = ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["TERM"]
         let isCI = self.isCIEnvironment()
-        let isPiped = self.isPipedOutput()
+        let isPiped = self.isPipedOutput(outputFileDescriptor)
 
         let supportsColors = self.detectColorSupport(termType: termType, isInteractive: isInteractive)
         let supportsTrueColor = self.detectTrueColorSupport()
@@ -54,15 +58,15 @@ enum TerminalDetector {
     // MARK: - Core Detection Methods
 
     /// Check if stdout is connected to an interactive terminal
-    private static func isInteractiveTerminal() -> Bool {
+    private static func isInteractiveTerminal(_ outputFileDescriptor: Int32) -> Bool {
         // Check if stdout is connected to an interactive terminal
-        isatty(STDOUT_FILENO) != 0
+        isatty(outputFileDescriptor) != 0
     }
 
     /// Check if output is being piped or redirected
-    private static func isPipedOutput() -> Bool {
+    private static func isPipedOutput(_ outputFileDescriptor: Int32) -> Bool {
         // Check if output is being piped or redirected
-        isatty(STDOUT_FILENO) == 0
+        isatty(outputFileDescriptor) == 0
     }
 
     /// Detect CI/automation environments
@@ -79,7 +83,7 @@ enum TerminalDetector {
             "AZURE_PIPELINES", "TF_BUILD",
             "BITBUCKET_COMMIT", "BITBUCKET_BUILD_NUMBER",
             "DRONE", "DRONE_BUILD_NUMBER",
-            "SEMAPHORE", "SEMAPHORE_BUILD_NUMBER"
+            "SEMAPHORE", "SEMAPHORE_BUILD_NUMBER",
         ]
 
         let env = ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment
@@ -87,11 +91,11 @@ enum TerminalDetector {
     }
 
     /// Get terminal dimensions using ioctl
-    private static func getTerminalDimensions() -> (width: Int, height: Int) {
+    private static func getTerminalDimensions(_ outputFileDescriptor: Int32) -> (width: Int, height: Int) {
         // Get terminal dimensions using ioctl
         var windowSize = winsize()
 
-        guard ioctl(STDOUT_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &windowSize) == 0 else {
+        guard ioctl(outputFileDescriptor, TIOCGWINSZ, &windowSize) == 0 else {
             // Fallback to environment variables
             let width = Int(ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["COLUMNS"] ?? "80") ?? 80
             let height = Int(ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["LINES"] ?? "24") ?? 24
@@ -120,7 +124,7 @@ enum TerminalDetector {
         if let term = termType {
             let colorTermPatterns = [
                 "color", "256color", "truecolor", "24bit",
-                "xterm-256", "screen-256", "tmux-256"
+                "xterm-256", "screen-256", "tmux-256",
             ]
 
             if colorTermPatterns.contains(where: term.contains) {
@@ -131,7 +135,7 @@ enum TerminalDetector {
             let colorTerminals = [
                 "xterm", "screen", "tmux", "rxvt", "konsole",
                 "gnome", "mate", "xfce", "terminology", "kitty",
-                "alacritty", "iterm", "hyper", "vscode"
+                "alacritty", "iterm", "hyper", "vscode",
             ]
 
             if colorTerminals.contains(where: term.contains) {
@@ -163,7 +167,7 @@ enum TerminalDetector {
         if let term = env["TERM"] {
             let trueColorTerminals = [
                 "iterm", "kitty", "alacritty", "wezterm",
-                "hyper", "vscode", "gnome-terminal"
+                "hyper", "vscode", "gnome-terminal",
             ]
             return trueColorTerminals.contains(where: term.contains)
         }

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/AI/AgentCommand.swift

@@ -221,6 +221,8 @@ extension AgentCommand {
 
         let configuredAIService = PeekabooAIService(configuration: services.configuration)
         let existingAgent = services.agent as? PeekabooAgentService
+        let mutationCoordinator = runtime.toolSnapshotMutationCoordinator
+        existingAgent?.configureSnapshotMutationCoordinator(mutationCoordinator)
         let existingAgentModel = existingAgent.flatMap {
             configuredAIService.resolveConfiguredModel($0.defaultModelSelection) ??
                 LanguageModel.parse(from: $0.defaultModelSelection)
@@ -236,7 +238,11 @@ extension AgentCommand {
             let agentService: any AgentServiceProtocol = if let existing = existingAgent {
                 existing
             } else {
-                try PeekabooAgentService(services: services, defaultModel: listingModel)
+                try PeekabooAgentService(
+                    services: services,
+                    defaultModel: listingModel,
+                    snapshotMutationCoordinator: mutationCoordinator
+                )
             }
             try await self.showSessions(agentService)
             return
@@ -263,7 +269,11 @@ extension AgentCommand {
         let agentService: any AgentServiceProtocol = if let existing = existingAgent {
             existing
         } else {
-            try PeekabooAgentService(services: services, defaultModel: selectedModel)
+            try PeekabooAgentService(
+                services: services,
+                defaultModel: selectedModel,
+                snapshotMutationCoordinator: mutationCoordinator
+            )
         }
 
         let terminalCapabilities = TerminalDetector.detectCapabilities()

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/AI/SeeCommand+CapturePipeline.swift

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ import PeekabooFoundation
 extension SeeCommand {
     func detectElements(
         imageData: Data,
-        windowContext: WindowContext?
+        windowContext: WindowContext?,
+        snapshotID: String? = nil
     ) async throws -> ElementDetectionResult {
         self.logger.operationStart("element_detection")
         defer { self.logger.operationComplete("element_detection") }
@@ -22,7 +23,9 @@ extension SeeCommand {
                 automation: self.services.automation,
                 imageData: imageData,
                 windowContext: windowContext,
-                timeoutSeconds: timeoutSeconds
+                timeoutSeconds: timeoutSeconds,
+                snapshotID: snapshotID,
+                interactionMutationTracker: self.resolvedRuntime.observationTimeoutMutationTracker
             )
         } catch is TimeoutError {
             throw CaptureError.detectionTimedOut(timeoutSeconds)
@@ -44,13 +47,18 @@ extension SeeCommand {
         automation: any UIAutomationServiceProtocol,
         imageData: Data,
         windowContext: WindowContext?,
-        timeoutSeconds: TimeInterval
+        timeoutSeconds: TimeInterval,
+        snapshotID: String? = nil,
+        interactionMutationTracker: InteractionMutationTracker? = nil
     ) async throws -> ElementDetectionResult {
-        try await withWallClockTimeout(seconds: timeoutSeconds) {
+        try await withWallClockTimeout(
+            seconds: timeoutSeconds,
+            interactionMutationTracker: interactionMutationTracker
+        ) {
             if let timeoutAdjustingAutomation = automation as? any DetectElementsRequestTimeoutAdjusting {
                 return try await timeoutAdjustingAutomation.detectElements(
                     in: imageData,
-                    snapshotId: nil,
+                    snapshotId: snapshotID,
                     windowContext: windowContext,
                     requestTimeoutSec: Self.remoteDetectionRequestTimeoutSeconds(for: timeoutSeconds)
                 )
@@ -58,7 +66,7 @@ extension SeeCommand {
             return try await AutomationServiceBridge.detectElements(
                 automation: automation,
                 imageData: imageData,
-                snapshotId: nil,
+                snapshotId: snapshotID,
                 windowContext: windowContext
             )
         }

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/AI/SeeCommand+CaptureSupport.swift

@@ -5,7 +5,17 @@ import PeekabooFoundation
 
 @MainActor
 extension SeeCommand {
-    func screenshotOutputPath() -> String {
+    var usesTemporaryScreenshotOutput: Bool {
+        self.jsonOutput && self.path == nil
+    }
+
+    func screenshotOutputPath(snapshotID: String? = nil) -> String {
+        if self.usesTemporaryScreenshotOutput {
+            return self.temporaryScreenshotDirectory(snapshotID: snapshotID)
+                .appendingPathComponent("raw.png")
+                .path
+        }
+
         let timestamp = Date().timeIntervalSince1970
         let filename = "peekaboo_see_\(Int(timestamp)).png"
         return ObservationCommandSupport.outputPath(
@@ -16,8 +26,8 @@ extension SeeCommand {
         )
     }
 
-    func saveScreenshot(_ imageData: Data) throws -> String {
-        let outputPath = self.screenshotOutputPath()
+    func saveScreenshot(_ imageData: Data, snapshotID: String) throws -> String {
+        let outputPath = self.screenshotOutputPath(snapshotID: snapshotID)
 
         let directory = (outputPath as NSString).deletingLastPathComponent
         try FileManager.default.createDirectory(
@@ -31,6 +41,17 @@ extension SeeCommand {
         return outputPath
     }
 
+    func cleanupTemporaryScreenshotOutput(snapshotID: String) {
+        guard self.usesTemporaryScreenshotOutput else { return }
+        try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: self.temporaryScreenshotDirectory(snapshotID: snapshotID))
+    }
+
+    private func temporaryScreenshotDirectory(snapshotID: String?) -> URL {
+        FileManager.default.temporaryDirectory
+            .appendingPathComponent("peekaboo-see", isDirectory: true)
+            .appendingPathComponent(snapshotID ?? UUID().uuidString, isDirectory: true)
+    }
+
     func resolveSeeWindowIndex(appIdentifier: String, titleFragment: String?) async throws -> Int? {
         guard let fragment = titleFragment, !fragment.isEmpty else {
             return nil

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/AI/SeeCommand+DetectionPipeline.swift

@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@ import PeekabooCore
 @available(macOS 14.0, *)
 @MainActor
 extension SeeCommand {
-    func performCaptureWithDetection() async throws -> CaptureAndDetectionResult {
-        if let observationResult = try await self.performObservationCaptureWithDetectionIfPossible() {
+    func performCaptureWithDetection(snapshotID: String) async throws -> CaptureAndDetectionResult {
+        if let observationResult = try await self.performObservationCaptureWithDetectionIfPossible(
+            snapshotID: snapshotID
+        ) {
             return observationResult
         }
 
@@ -13,7 +15,7 @@ extension SeeCommand {
         let captureResult = captureContext.captureResult
 
         self.logger.startTimer("file_write")
-        let outputPath = try saveScreenshot(captureResult.imageData)
+        let outputPath = try saveScreenshot(captureResult.imageData, snapshotID: snapshotID)
         self.logger.stopTimer("file_write")
 
         let windowContext = WindowContext(
@@ -27,10 +29,14 @@ extension SeeCommand {
             traversalBudget: self.axTraversalBudget()
         )
 
-        let detectionResult = try await self.detectElements(for: captureContext, windowContext: windowContext)
+        let detectionResult = try await self.detectElements(
+            for: captureContext,
+            windowContext: windowContext,
+            snapshotID: snapshotID
+        )
 
         let resultWithPath = ElementDetectionResult(
-            snapshotId: detectionResult.snapshotId,
+            snapshotId: snapshotID,
             screenshotPath: outputPath,
             elements: detectionResult.elements,
             metadata: detectionResult.metadata
@@ -38,7 +44,7 @@ extension SeeCommand {
 
         try await self.services.snapshots.storeScreenshot(
             SnapshotScreenshotRequest(
-                snapshotId: detectionResult.snapshotId,
+                snapshotId: snapshotID,
                 screenshotPath: outputPath,
                 applicationBundleId: captureResult.metadata.applicationInfo?.bundleIdentifier,
                 applicationProcessId: captureResult.metadata.applicationInfo.map { Int32($0.processIdentifier) },
@@ -49,12 +55,12 @@ extension SeeCommand {
         )
 
         try await self.services.snapshots.storeDetectionResult(
-            snapshotId: detectionResult.snapshotId,
+            snapshotId: snapshotID,
             result: resultWithPath
         )
 
         return CaptureAndDetectionResult(
-            snapshotId: detectionResult.snapshotId,
+            snapshotId: snapshotID,
             screenshotPath: outputPath,
             annotatedPath: nil,
             elements: detectionResult.elements,
@@ -65,7 +71,8 @@ extension SeeCommand {
 
     private func detectElements(
         for captureContext: CaptureContext,
-        windowContext: WindowContext
+        windowContext: WindowContext,
+        snapshotID: String
     ) async throws -> ElementDetectionResult {
         let captureResult = captureContext.captureResult
         let detectionStart = Date()
@@ -87,20 +94,29 @@ extension SeeCommand {
                 isDialog: false
             )
             return ElementDetectionResult(
-                snapshotId: UUID().uuidString,
+                snapshotId: snapshotID,
                 screenshotPath: "",
                 elements: DetectedElements(other: ocrElements),
                 metadata: metadata
             )
         }
 
-        return try await self.detectElements(
+        let detectionResult = try await self.detectElements(
             imageData: captureResult.imageData,
-            windowContext: windowContext
+            windowContext: windowContext,
+            snapshotID: snapshotID
+        )
+        return ElementDetectionResult(
+            snapshotId: snapshotID,
+            screenshotPath: detectionResult.screenshotPath,
+            elements: detectionResult.elements,
+            metadata: detectionResult.metadata
         )
     }
 
-    private func performObservationCaptureWithDetectionIfPossible() async throws -> CaptureAndDetectionResult? {
+    private func performObservationCaptureWithDetectionIfPossible(
+        snapshotID: String
+    ) async throws -> CaptureAndDetectionResult? {
         guard let target = try self.observationTargetForCaptureWithDetectionIfPossible() else {
             return nil
         }
@@ -114,7 +130,7 @@ extension SeeCommand {
         let observation: DesktopObservationResult
         do {
             observation = try await self.services.desktopObservation
-                .observe(self.makeObservationRequest(target: target))
+                .observe(self.makeObservationRequest(target: target, snapshotID: snapshotID))
         } catch DesktopObservationError.targetNotFound(_) where self.menubar {
             self.logger.verbose("No observation-backed menu bar popover found; falling back", category: "Capture")
             self.logger.operationComplete("capture_phase", success: false, metadata: [
@@ -138,7 +154,7 @@ extension SeeCommand {
         }
 
         return CaptureAndDetectionResult(
-            snapshotId: detectionResult.snapshotId,
+            snapshotId: snapshotID,
             screenshotPath: outputPath,
             annotatedPath: observation.files.annotatedScreenshotPath,
             elements: detectionResult.elements,

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/AI/SeeCommand+ObservationRequest.swift

@@ -76,7 +76,10 @@ extension SeeCommand {
         }
     }
 
-    func makeObservationRequest(target: DesktopObservationTargetRequest) -> DesktopObservationRequest {
+    func makeObservationRequest(
+        target: DesktopObservationTargetRequest,
+        snapshotID: String? = nil
+    ) -> DesktopObservationRequest {
         DesktopObservationRequest(
             target: target,
             capture: DesktopCaptureOptions(
@@ -86,10 +89,11 @@ extension SeeCommand {
             ),
             detection: self.observationDetectionOptions(for: target),
             output: DesktopObservationOutputOptions(
-                path: self.screenshotOutputPath(),
+                path: self.screenshotOutputPath(snapshotID: snapshotID),
                 saveRawScreenshot: true,
                 saveAnnotatedScreenshot: self.annotate && self.allowsAnnotation(for: target),
-                saveSnapshot: true
+                saveSnapshot: true,
+                snapshotID: snapshotID
             )
         )
     }

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/AI/SeeCommand+Output.swift

@@ -4,16 +4,17 @@ import PeekabooCore
 @available(macOS 14.0, *)
 @MainActor
 extension SeeCommand {
-    func renderResults(context: SeeCommandRenderContext) async {
+    func renderResults(context: SeeCommandRenderContext) throws {
+        try Task.checkCancellation()
         if self.jsonOutput {
-            await self.outputJSONResults(context: context)
+            try self.outputJSONResults(context: context)
         } else {
-            await self.outputTextResults(context: context)
+            try self.outputTextResults(context: context)
         }
     }
 
     /// Fetches the menu bar summary only when verbose output is requested, with a short timeout.
-    private func fetchMenuBarSummaryIfEnabled() async -> MenuBarSummary? {
+    func fetchMenuBarSummaryIfEnabled() async -> MenuBarSummary? {
         guard self.verbose else { return nil }
 
         do {
@@ -31,27 +32,21 @@ extension SeeCommand {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Timeout helper that is not MainActor-bound, so it can still fire if the main actor is blocked.
+    /// Drives the deadline independently while the MainActor operation is suspended.
+    /// Synchronous MainActor calls cannot be preempted.
     static func withWallClockTimeout<T: Sendable>(
         seconds: TimeInterval,
-        operation: @escaping @Sendable () async throws -> T
+        timeoutErrorSeconds: TimeInterval? = nil,
+        interactionMutationTracker: InteractionMutationTracker? = nil,
+        operation: @escaping @MainActor @Sendable () async throws -> T
     ) async throws -> T {
-        try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: T.self) { group in
-            group.addTask {
-                try await operation()
-            }
-
-            group.addTask {
-                try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(seconds * 1_000_000_000))
-                throw CaptureError.detectionTimedOut(seconds)
-            }
-
-            guard let result = try await group.next() else {
-                throw CaptureError.detectionTimedOut(seconds)
-            }
-            group.cancelAll()
-            return result
-        }
+        try await withMainActorCommandTimeout(
+            seconds: seconds,
+            operationName: "see",
+            timeoutError: { CaptureError.detectionTimedOut(timeoutErrorSeconds ?? seconds) },
+            interactionMutationTracker: interactionMutationTracker,
+            operation: { try await operation() }
+        )
     }
 
     func performAnalysisDetailed(imagePath: String, prompt: String) async throws -> SeeAnalysisData {
@@ -60,12 +55,7 @@ extension SeeCommand {
         return SeeAnalysisData(provider: res.provider, model: res.model, text: res.text)
     }
 
-    private func buildMenuSummaryIfNeeded() async -> MenuBarSummary? {
-        // Placeholder for future UI summary generation; currently unused.
-        nil
-    }
-
-    private func outputJSONResults(context: SeeCommandRenderContext) async {
+    private func outputJSONResults(context: SeeCommandRenderContext) throws {
         let uiElements: [UIElementSummary] = context.elements.all.map { element in
             UIElementSummary(
                 id: element.id,
@@ -84,10 +74,6 @@ extension SeeCommand {
 
         let snapshotPaths = self.snapshotPaths(for: context)
 
-        // Menu bar enumeration can be slow or hang on some setups. Only attempt it in verbose
-        // mode and bound it with a short timeout so JSON output is responsive by default.
-        let menuSummary = await self.fetchMenuBarSummaryIfEnabled()
-
         let output = SeeResult(
             snapshot_id: context.snapshotId,
             screenshot_raw: snapshotPaths.raw,
@@ -102,7 +88,7 @@ extension SeeCommand {
             analysis: context.analysis,
             execution_time: context.executionTime,
             ui_elements: uiElements,
-            menu_bar: menuSummary,
+            menu_bar: context.menuBar,
             truncation: SeeTruncationSummary(metadata: context.metadata),
             observation: context.observation
         )
@@ -137,7 +123,8 @@ extension SeeCommand {
         return MenuBarSummary(menus: menus)
     }
 
-    private func outputTextResults(context: SeeCommandRenderContext) async {
+    private func outputTextResults(context: SeeCommandRenderContext) throws {
+        try Task.checkCancellation()
         print("🖼️  Screenshot saved to: \(context.screenshotPath)")
         if let annotatedPath = context.annotatedPath {
             print("📝 Annotated screenshot: \(annotatedPath)")
@@ -180,17 +167,6 @@ extension SeeCommand {
             print("\n📝 Annotated screenshot created")
         }
 
-        if let menuSummary = await self.buildMenuSummaryIfNeeded() {
-            print("\n🧭 Menu Bar Summary")
-            for menu in menuSummary.menus {
-                print("- \(menu.title) (\(menu.enabled ? "Enabled" : "Disabled"))")
-                for item in menu.items.prefix(5) {
-                    let shortcut = item.keyboard_shortcut.map { " [\($0)]" } ?? ""
-                    print("    • \(item.title)\(shortcut)")
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
         print("\nSnapshot ID: \(context.snapshotId)")
 
         let terminalCapabilities = TerminalDetector.detectCapabilities()
@@ -200,9 +176,10 @@ extension SeeCommand {
     }
 
     private func snapshotPaths(for context: SeeCommandRenderContext) -> SnapshotPaths {
-        SnapshotPaths(
-            raw: context.screenshotPath,
-            annotated: context.annotatedPath ?? "",
+        let publishesScreenshotPaths = !self.usesTemporaryScreenshotOutput
+        return SnapshotPaths(
+            raw: publishesScreenshotPaths ? context.screenshotPath : "",
+            annotated: publishesScreenshotPaths ? context.annotatedPath ?? "" : "",
             map: self.services.snapshots.getSnapshotStoragePath() + "/\(context.snapshotId)/snapshot.json"
         )
     }

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/AI/SeeCommand+Types.swift

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ struct SeeCommandRenderContext {
     let analysis: SeeAnalysisData?
     let executionTime: TimeInterval
     let observation: SeeObservationDiagnostics?
+    let menuBar: MenuBarSummary?
 }
 
 struct UIElementSummary: Codable {

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/AI/SeeCommand.swift

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ struct SeeCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, RuntimeOptionsCo
     @RuntimeStorage private var runtime: CommandRuntime?
     var runtimeOptions = CommandRuntimeOptions()
 
-    private var resolvedRuntime: CommandRuntime {
+    var resolvedRuntime: CommandRuntime {
         guard let runtime else {
             preconditionFailure("CommandRuntime must be configured before accessing runtime resources")
         }
@@ -113,9 +113,11 @@ struct SeeCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, RuntimeOptionsCo
     @MainActor
     mutating func run(using runtime: CommandRuntime) async throws {
         self.runtime = runtime
-        let startTime = Date()
+        let commandStartedAt = Date()
         let logger = self.logger
         let overallTimeout = TimeInterval(self.timeoutSeconds ?? ((self.analyze == nil) ? 20 : 60))
+        let mutationCoordinator = runtime.toolSnapshotMutationCoordinator
+        let snapshotManager = runtime.services.snapshots
 
         logger.operationStart("see_command", metadata: [
             "app": self.app ?? "none",
@@ -128,25 +130,92 @@ struct SeeCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, RuntimeOptionsCo
         let commandCopy = self
 
         do {
+            runtime.beginInteractionMutation(preservingSnapshotsCreatedAfterBoundary: true)
             try await CrossProcessOperationGate.withExclusiveOperation(
                 named: CrossProcessOperationGate.desktopObservationName
             ) {
-                try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: Void.self) { group in
-                    group.addTask {
-                        try await commandCopy.runImpl(startTime: startTime, logger: logger)
+                let observationStartedAt = Date()
+                let observationDeadline = observationStartedAt.addingTimeInterval(overallTimeout)
+                let scope = MCPToolSnapshotMutationScope(
+                    toolName: "see",
+                    startedAt: observationStartedAt,
+                    effect: .mutationProducingFreshObservation
+                )
+                let reservationTimeout = try Self.remainingObservationTimeout(
+                    until: observationDeadline,
+                    overallTimeout: overallTimeout
+                )
+                let snapshotID = try await Self.withWallClockTimeout(
+                    seconds: reservationTimeout,
+                    timeoutErrorSeconds: overallTimeout
+                ) {
+                    try await snapshotManager.createSnapshot(pendingAt: observationStartedAt)
+                }
+                defer {
+                    if snapshotManager.copiesScreenshotArtifactsIntoStorage {
+                        commandCopy.cleanupTemporaryScreenshotOutput(snapshotID: snapshotID)
                     }
-                    group.addTask {
-                        try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(overallTimeout * 1_000_000_000))
-                        throw CaptureError.detectionTimedOut(overallTimeout)
+                }
+                var observationCompleted = false
+                do {
+                    let preparationTimeout = try Self.remainingObservationTimeout(
+                        until: observationDeadline,
+                        overallTimeout: overallTimeout
+                    )
+                    let context = try await Self.withWallClockTimeout(
+                        seconds: preparationTimeout,
+                        timeoutErrorSeconds: overallTimeout,
+                        interactionMutationTracker: runtime.observationTimeoutMutationTracker
+                    ) {
+                        try await commandCopy.prepareResult(
+                            startTime: commandStartedAt,
+                            logger: logger,
+                            snapshotID: snapshotID
+                        )
+                    }
+                    observationCompleted = true
+
+                    let publicationTimeout = try Self.remainingObservationTimeout(
+                        until: observationDeadline,
+                        overallTimeout: overallTimeout
+                    )
+                    let published = try await Self.withWallClockTimeout(
+                        seconds: publicationTimeout,
+                        timeoutErrorSeconds: overallTimeout
+                    ) {
+                        await mutationCoordinator.completeMutation(
+                            scope.completed(
+                                at: Date(),
+                                preserving: snapshotID,
+                                confirmedMutationCompletedAt: context.metadata.desktopMutationCompletedAt,
+                                observationPreservationAllowed: context.metadata
+                                    .desktopMutationPreservationAllowed
+                            ),
+                            succeeded: true
+                        )
+                    }
+                    guard published else {
+                        throw PeekabooError.operationError(
+                            message: "Failed to publish the refreshed UI snapshot"
+                        )
                     }
 
-                    do {
-                        _ = try await group.next()
-                        group.cancelAll()
-                    } catch {
-                        group.cancelAll()
-                        throw error
+                    try Task.checkCancellation()
+                    try commandCopy.renderResults(context: context)
+                    commandCopy.emitAnnotationStatus(context: context)
+                    logger.operationComplete("see_command", metadata: [
+                        "executionTimeMs": Int(Date().timeIntervalSince(commandStartedAt) * 1000),
+                        "success": true,
+                    ])
+                } catch {
+                    if observationCompleted || !PendingSnapshotCleanupPolicy.shouldPreserveReservation(after: error) {
+                        try? await self.services.snapshots.cleanSnapshot(snapshotId: snapshotID)
                     }
+                    _ = await mutationCoordinator.completeMutation(
+                        scope.completed(at: Date(), preserving: nil),
+                        succeeded: false
+                    )
+                    throw error
                 }
             }
         } catch {
@@ -162,13 +231,29 @@ struct SeeCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, RuntimeOptionsCo
         }
     }
 
-    private func runImpl(startTime: Date, logger: Logger) async throws {
+    private static func remainingObservationTimeout(
+        until deadline: Date,
+        overallTimeout: TimeInterval
+    ) throws -> TimeInterval {
+        let remaining = deadline.timeIntervalSinceNow
+        guard remaining > 0 else {
+            throw CaptureError.detectionTimedOut(overallTimeout)
+        }
+        return remaining
+    }
+
+    private func prepareResult(
+        startTime: Date,
+        logger: Logger,
+        snapshotID: String
+    ) async throws -> SeeCommandRenderContext {
         // ScreenCaptureService performs the authoritative permission check inside each capture path.
         // Avoid duplicating that TCC probe here; `see` is often called in latency-sensitive loops.
 
         // Perform capture and element detection
         logger.verbose("Starting capture and detection phase", category: "Capture")
-        let captureResult = try await performCaptureWithDetection()
+        let captureResult = try await performCaptureWithDetection(snapshotID: snapshotID)
+        try Task.checkCancellation()
         logger.verbose("Capture completed successfully", category: "Capture", metadata: [
             "snapshotId": captureResult.snapshotId,
             "elementCount": captureResult.elements.all.count,
@@ -187,25 +272,19 @@ struct SeeCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, RuntimeOptionsCo
                 snapshotId: captureResult.snapshotId,
                 originalPath: captureResult.screenshotPath
             )
+            try Task.checkCancellation()
             if let annotatedPath,
                annotatedPath != captureResult.screenshotPath {
                 try await self.services.snapshots.storeAnnotatedScreenshot(
                     snapshotId: captureResult.snapshotId,
                     annotatedScreenshotPath: annotatedPath
                 )
+                try Task.checkCancellation()
             }
             logger.operationComplete("generate_annotations", metadata: [
                 "annotatedPath": annotatedPath ?? "none",
             ])
         }
-        if self.annotate, annotationsAllowed, annotatedPath == nil, !self.jsonOutput {
-            print("\(AgentDisplayTokens.Status.warning)  No interactive UI elements found to annotate")
-        } else if self.annotate, annotationsAllowed, let annotatedPath, !self.jsonOutput {
-            let interactableElements = captureResult.elements.all.filter(\.isEnabled)
-            print("📝 Created annotated screenshot with \(interactableElements.count) interactive elements")
-            self.logger.verbose("Annotated screenshot path: \(annotatedPath)")
-        }
-
         // Perform AI analysis if requested
         var analysisResult: SeeAnalysisData?
         if let prompt = analyze {
@@ -227,6 +306,7 @@ struct SeeCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, RuntimeOptionsCo
                 imagePath: captureResult.screenshotPath,
                 prompt: prompt
             )
+            try Task.checkCancellation()
             logger.stopTimer("ai_generate")
             logger.operationComplete(
                 "ai_analysis",
@@ -238,14 +318,11 @@ struct SeeCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, RuntimeOptionsCo
             )
         }
 
-        // Output results
-        let executionTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(startTime)
-        logger.operationComplete("see_command", metadata: [
-            "executionTimeMs": Int(executionTime * 1000),
-            "success": true,
-        ])
+        let menuBarSummary = self.jsonOutput ? await self.fetchMenuBarSummaryIfEnabled() : nil
+        try Task.checkCancellation()
 
-        let context = SeeCommandRenderContext(
+        let executionTime = Date().timeIntervalSince(startTime)
+        return SeeCommandRenderContext(
             snapshotId: captureResult.snapshotId,
             screenshotPath: captureResult.screenshotPath,
             annotatedPath: annotatedPath,
@@ -253,9 +330,20 @@ struct SeeCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, RuntimeOptionsCo
             elements: captureResult.elements,
             analysis: analysisResult,
             executionTime: executionTime,
-            observation: captureResult.observation
+            observation: captureResult.observation,
+            menuBar: menuBarSummary
         )
-        await self.renderResults(context: context)
+    }
+
+    private func emitAnnotationStatus(context: SeeCommandRenderContext) {
+        let annotationsAllowed = self.allowsAnnotationForCurrentCapture()
+        if self.annotate, annotationsAllowed, context.annotatedPath == nil, !self.jsonOutput {
+            print("\(AgentDisplayTokens.Status.warning)  No interactive UI elements found to annotate")
+        } else if self.annotate, annotationsAllowed, let annotatedPath = context.annotatedPath, !self.jsonOutput {
+            let interactableElements = context.elements.all.filter(\.isEnabled)
+            print("📝 Created annotated screenshot with \(interactableElements.count) interactive elements")
+            self.logger.verbose("Annotated screenshot path: \(annotatedPath)")
+        }
     }
 
     func getFileSize(_ path: String) -> Int? {
@@ -293,8 +381,8 @@ extension SeeCommand: ParsableCommand {
                         description: "Capture the frontmost window, print structured output, and save annotations."
                     ),
                     CommandUsageExample(
-                        command: "peekaboo see --app Safari --window-title \"Login\" --json",
-                        description: "Target a specific Safari window to collect stable element IDs."
+                        command: "peekaboo see --app Safari --window-title \"Login\" --json --path /tmp/safari-login.png",
+                        description: "Target a specific Safari window to collect fresh element IDs and keep the capture artifact in /tmp."
                     ),
                     CommandUsageExample(
                         command: "peekaboo see --mode screen --screen-index 0 --analyze 'Summarize the dashboard'",

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Agent/PermissionCommand+Requests.swift

@@ -45,7 +45,9 @@ extension PermissionCommand {
         mutating func run(using runtime: CommandRuntime) async throws {
             self.prepare(using: runtime)
             if await self.renderIfAlreadyGranted() { return }
-            let result = await self.requestScreenRecordingPermission()
+            let result = await PermissionHelpers.performInteractivePermissionRequest(using: runtime) {
+                await self.requestScreenRecordingPermission()
+            }
             self.render(result: result)
         }
 
@@ -161,7 +163,9 @@ extension PermissionCommand {
         mutating func run(using runtime: CommandRuntime) async throws {
             self.prepare(using: runtime)
             if await self.renderIfAlreadyGranted() { return }
-            let granted = self.promptAccessibilityDialog()
+            let granted = await PermissionHelpers.performInteractivePermissionRequest(using: runtime) {
+                self.promptAccessibilityDialog()
+            }
             self.renderAccessibilityResult(granted: granted)
         }
 
@@ -280,7 +284,10 @@ extension PermissionCommand {
         }
 
         private func requestEventSynthesizingPermission() async throws -> AgentPermissionActionResult {
-            let result = try await PermissionHelpers.requestEventSynthesizingPermission(services: self.services)
+            let result = try await PermissionHelpers.requestEventSynthesizingPermission(
+                services: self.services,
+                runtime: self.resolvedRuntime
+            )
             return AgentPermissionActionResult(
                 action: result.action,
                 source: result.source,

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Base/CommandErrorHandling.swift

@@ -76,22 +76,22 @@ extension ErrorHandlingCommand {
     }
 
     private func mapPeekabooErrorToCode(_ error: PeekabooError) -> ErrorCode {
-        if let lookupCode = self.lookupErrorCode(for: error) {
+        if let lookupCode = lookupErrorCode(for: error) {
             return lookupCode
         }
-        if let permissionCode = self.permissionErrorCode(for: error) {
+        if let permissionCode = permissionErrorCode(for: error) {
             return permissionCode
         }
-        if let timeoutCode = self.timeoutErrorCode(for: error) {
+        if let timeoutCode = timeoutErrorCode(for: error) {
             return timeoutCode
         }
-        if let automationCode = self.automationErrorCode(for: error) {
+        if let automationCode = automationErrorCode(for: error) {
             return automationCode
         }
-        if let inputCode = self.inputErrorCode(for: error) {
+        if let inputCode = inputErrorCode(for: error) {
             return inputCode
         }
-        if let credentialCode = self.credentialErrorCode(for: error) {
+        if let credentialCode = credentialErrorCode(for: error) {
             return credentialCode
         }
         return .UNKNOWN_ERROR
@@ -232,6 +232,15 @@ func errorMessage(for error: any Error) -> String {
     return error.localizedDescription
 }
 
+func applicationLaunchErrorCode(for error: any Error) -> ErrorCode? {
+    guard let bridgeError = error as? PeekabooBridgeErrorEnvelope,
+          bridgeError.code == .notFound
+    else {
+        return nil
+    }
+    return .APP_NOT_FOUND
+}
+
 func errorDetails(for error: any Error) -> String? {
     guard let bridgeError = error as? PeekabooBridgeErrorEnvelope else {
         return nil

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Base/CommandRuntime.swift

@@ -20,11 +20,21 @@ struct CommandRuntimeOptions {
     var captureEnginePreference: String?
     var inputStrategy: UIInputStrategy?
     var preferRemote = true
+    var remoteIsolationRequested = false
     var autoStartDaemon = true
     var bridgeSocketPath: String?
     var requiresElementActions = false
     var requiresInspectAccessibilityTree = false
     var requiresBrowserMCP = false
+    var requiresApplicationLaunchOptions = false
+    var requiresApplicationRelaunch = false
+    var requiresSurvivingApplicationHost = false
+    var requiresHostApplicationInventory = false
+    var requiresImplicitSnapshotInvalidation = false
+    var requiresCallerDesktopMutationBarrier = false
+    var usesPerToolSnapshotInvalidation = false
+    var requiresExactWindowTargetedClicks = false
+    var requiresPostEventClickPermission = false
 
     func makeConfiguration() -> CommandRuntime.Configuration {
         CommandRuntime.Configuration(
@@ -41,7 +51,9 @@ struct CommandRuntimeOptions {
         if options.captureEnginePreference == nil,
            let captureEngine = Self.captureEnginePreference(environment: environment) {
             options.captureEnginePreference = captureEngine
-            options.preferRemote = false
+            if !options.requiresApplicationLaunchOptions && !options.requiresHostApplicationInventory {
+                options.preferRemote = false
+            }
         }
         return options
     }
@@ -73,14 +85,32 @@ struct CommandRuntime {
 
     let configuration: Configuration
     let hostDescription: String
+    let selectedRemoteSocketPath: String?
+    let selectedRemoteHostProcessIdentifier: pid_t?
+    let snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: [String]
+    let applicationRelaunchAllowed: Bool
+    let interactionMutationTracker: InteractionMutationTracker
     @MainActor let services: any PeekabooServiceProviding
     @MainActor let logger: Logger
 
+    @MainActor
+    var observationTimeoutMutationTracker: InteractionMutationTracker? {
+        if self.selectedRemoteSocketPath == nil || self.interactionMutationTracker.hasPendingDurableMutation {
+            return self.interactionMutationTracker
+        }
+        return nil
+    }
+
     @MainActor
     init(
         configuration: Configuration,
         services: any PeekabooServiceProviding,
-        hostDescription: String = "local (in-process)"
+        hostDescription: String = "local (in-process)",
+        selectedRemoteSocketPath: String? = nil,
+        selectedRemoteHostProcessIdentifier: pid_t? = nil,
+        snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: [String] = [],
+        applicationRelaunchAllowed: Bool = true,
+        interactionMutationTracker: InteractionMutationTracker = InteractionMutationTracker()
     ) {
         // Keep Tachikoma credential/profile resolution aligned with Peekaboo CLI storage.
         PeekabooCore.ConfigurationManager.configureTachikomaProfileDirectory()
@@ -88,6 +118,11 @@ struct CommandRuntime {
         self.configuration = configuration
         self.services = services
         self.hostDescription = hostDescription
+        self.selectedRemoteSocketPath = selectedRemoteSocketPath
+        self.selectedRemoteHostProcessIdentifier = selectedRemoteHostProcessIdentifier
+        self.snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths = snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths
+        self.applicationRelaunchAllowed = applicationRelaunchAllowed
+        self.interactionMutationTracker = interactionMutationTracker
         self.logger = Logger.shared
 
         services.installAgentRuntimeDefaults()
@@ -150,15 +185,19 @@ extension CommandRuntime {
     @MainActor
     static func makeDefaultAsync(options: CommandRuntimeOptions) async -> CommandRuntime {
         let effectiveOptions = options.applyingEnvironmentOverrides(environment: ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment)
-        if let override = self.serviceOverride {
+        if let override = serviceOverride {
             return CommandRuntime(options: effectiveOptions, services: override)
         }
 
-        let resolution = await self.resolveServices(options: effectiveOptions)
+        let resolution = await resolveServices(options: effectiveOptions)
         return CommandRuntime(
             configuration: effectiveOptions.makeConfiguration(),
             services: resolution.services,
-            hostDescription: resolution.hostDescription
+            hostDescription: resolution.hostDescription,
+            selectedRemoteSocketPath: resolution.selectedRemoteSocketPath,
+            selectedRemoteHostProcessIdentifier: resolution.selectedRemoteHostProcessIdentifier,
+            snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: resolution.snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths,
+            applicationRelaunchAllowed: resolution.applicationRelaunchAllowed
         )
     }
 
@@ -178,8 +217,7 @@ extension CommandRuntime {
     }
 
     @MainActor
-    private static func resolveServices(options: CommandRuntimeOptions)
-    async -> (services: any PeekabooServiceProviding, hostDescription: String) {
+    private static func resolveServices(options: CommandRuntimeOptions) async -> RuntimeHostResolver.Resolution {
         await RuntimeHostResolver.resolveServices(options: options)
     }
 
@@ -241,6 +279,18 @@ extension CommandRuntime {
         BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsTargetedClicks(for: handshake)
     }
 
+    static func supportsApplicationLaunchOptions(for handshake: PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse) -> Bool {
+        BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsApplicationLaunchOptions(for: handshake)
+    }
+
+    static func supportsApplicationRelaunch(for handshake: PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse) -> Bool {
+        BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsApplicationRelaunch(for: handshake)
+    }
+
+    static func supportsImplicitSnapshotInvalidation(for handshake: PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse) -> Bool {
+        BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsImplicitSnapshotInvalidation(for: handshake)
+    }
+
     static func supportsElementActions(for handshake: PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse) -> Bool {
         BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsElementActions(for: handshake)
     }
@@ -285,7 +335,7 @@ protocol RuntimeOptionsConfigurable {
 
 extension RuntimeOptionsConfigurable {
     mutating func setRuntimeOptions(_ options: CommandRuntimeOptions) {
-        self.runtimeOptions = options
+        runtimeOptions = options
     }
 }
 

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Base/CommandServiceBridges.swift

@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ enum AutomationServiceBridge {
         target: ClickTarget,
         clickType: ClickType,
         snapshotId: String?,
-        targetProcessIdentifier: pid_t
+        targetProcessIdentifier: pid_t,
+        targetWindowID: Int? = nil
     ) async throws {
         try await Task { @MainActor in
             guard let targetedClickService = automation as? any TargetedClickServiceProtocol else {
@@ -55,12 +56,28 @@ enum AutomationServiceBridge {
                 throw self.targetedClickUnavailableError(service: targetedClickService)
             }
 
-            try await targetedClickService.click(
-                target: target,
-                clickType: clickType,
-                snapshotId: snapshotId,
-                targetProcessIdentifier: targetProcessIdentifier
-            )
+            if let targetWindowID {
+                guard let exactWindowService = targetedClickService as? any ExactWindowTargetedClickServiceProtocol
+                else {
+                    throw PeekabooError.serviceUnavailable(
+                        "Background clicks with an exact window require a compatible automation service"
+                    )
+                }
+                try await exactWindowService.click(
+                    target: target,
+                    clickType: clickType,
+                    snapshotId: snapshotId,
+                    targetProcessIdentifier: targetProcessIdentifier,
+                    targetWindowID: targetWindowID
+                )
+            } else {
+                try await targetedClickService.click(
+                    target: target,
+                    clickType: clickType,
+                    snapshotId: snapshotId,
+                    targetProcessIdentifier: targetProcessIdentifier
+                )
+            }
         }.value
     }
 

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Base/CommandUtilities.swift

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import CoreGraphics
 import Foundation
+import PeekabooAutomationKit
 import PeekabooCore
 import PeekabooFoundation
 
@@ -126,7 +127,11 @@ func withCommandTimeout<T: Sendable>(
     }
 
     let timeoutTask = Task.detached {
-        try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(seconds * 1_000_000_000))
+        do {
+            try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(seconds * 1_000_000_000))
+        } catch {
+            return
+        }
         race.resume(with: Result<T, any Error>.failure(PeekabooError.timeout(
             operation: operationName,
             duration: seconds
@@ -139,6 +144,7 @@ func withCommandTimeout<T: Sendable>(
             race.setContinuation(continuation)
         }
     } onCancel: {
+        race.resume(with: Result<T, any Error>.failure(CancellationError()))
         workTask.cancel()
         timeoutTask.cancel()
     }
@@ -148,6 +154,9 @@ func withCommandTimeout<T: Sendable>(
 func withMainActorCommandTimeout<T: Sendable>(
     seconds: TimeInterval,
     operationName: String,
+    timeoutError: (@Sendable () -> any Error)? = nil,
+    desktopMutationWatermarkStore: DesktopMutationWatermarkStore? = nil,
+    interactionMutationTracker: InteractionMutationTracker? = nil,
     operation: @escaping @MainActor () async throws -> T
 ) async throws -> T {
     guard seconds > 0 else {
@@ -155,21 +164,37 @@ func withMainActorCommandTimeout<T: Sendable>(
     }
 
     let race = TimeoutRace()
-    let workTask = Task { @MainActor in
-        do {
-            let value = try await operation()
-            race.resume(with: .success(value))
-        } catch {
-            race.resume(with: Result<T, any Error>.failure(error))
+    let pendingMutation = try desktopMutationWatermarkStore?.beginMutation()
+    do {
+        try interactionMutationTracker?.retainDurableMutationLease()
+    } catch {
+        if let desktopMutationWatermarkStore, let pendingMutation {
+            try? desktopMutationWatermarkStore.cancelMutation(pendingMutation)
         }
+        throw error
+    }
+    let workTask = Task { @MainActor in
+        let result: Result<T, any Error>
+        do {
+            result = try await .success(operation())
+        } catch {
+            result = .failure(error)
+        }
+        if let desktopMutationWatermarkStore, let pendingMutation {
+            _ = try? desktopMutationWatermarkStore.completeMutation(pendingMutation)
+        }
+        _ = try? interactionMutationTracker?.completeDurableMutation(through: Date())
+        race.resume(with: result)
     }
 
     let timeoutTask = Task.detached {
-        try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(seconds * 1_000_000_000))
-        race.resume(with: Result<T, any Error>.failure(PeekabooError.timeout(
-            operation: operationName,
-            duration: seconds
-        )))
+        do {
+            try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(seconds * 1_000_000_000))
+        } catch {
+            return
+        }
+        let error = timeoutError?() ?? PeekabooError.timeout(operation: operationName, duration: seconds)
+        race.resume(with: Result<T, any Error>.failure(error))
         workTask.cancel()
     }
 
@@ -178,6 +203,7 @@ func withMainActorCommandTimeout<T: Sendable>(
             race.setContinuation(continuation)
         }
     } onCancel: {
+        race.resume(with: Result<T, any Error>.failure(CancellationError()))
         workTask.cancel()
         timeoutTask.cancel()
     }

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Base/CommanderBinder.swift

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ enum CommanderCLIBinder {
         parsedValues: ParsedValues
     ) throws -> any ParsableCommand {
         var command = type.init()
-        let runtimeOptions = try self.makeRuntimeOptions(from: parsedValues, commandType: type)
+        let runtimeOptions = try makeRuntimeOptions(from: parsedValues, commandType: type)
         if var bindable = command as? any CommanderBindableCommand {
             try bindable.applyCommanderValues(.init(parsedValues: parsedValues))
             guard let rebound = bindable as? any ParsableCommand else {
@@ -43,6 +43,31 @@ enum CommanderCLIBinder {
         commandType: (any ParsableCommand.Type)? = nil
     ) throws -> CommandRuntimeOptions {
         var options = CommandRuntimeOptions()
+        options.requiresApplicationLaunchOptions = Self.requiresApplicationLaunchOptions(commandType)
+        options.requiresApplicationRelaunch = commandType == AppCommand.RelaunchSubcommand.self
+        options.requiresSurvivingApplicationHost = commandType == AppCommand.QuitSubcommand.self
+        options.requiresHostApplicationInventory = Self.requiresHostApplicationInventory(commandType)
+        options.requiresImplicitSnapshotInvalidation = Self.requiresImplicitSnapshotInvalidation(
+            commandType,
+            parsedValues: parsedValues
+        )
+        let clipboardMayMutate = commandType == ClipboardCommand.self &&
+            Self.clipboardMayMutate(parsedValues)
+        options.requiresCallerDesktopMutationBarrier = commandType == SwitchSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == MoveWindowSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == CaptureActionCommand.self ||
+            clipboardMayMutate
+        options.requiresExactWindowTargetedClicks = Self.requiresExactWindowTargetedClicks(
+            commandType,
+            parsedValues: parsedValues
+        )
+        options.requiresPostEventClickPermission = Self.requiresPostEventClickPermission(
+            commandType,
+            parsedValues: parsedValues
+        )
+        options.usesPerToolSnapshotInvalidation = commandType == AgentCommand.self ||
+            commandType == MCPCommand.Serve.self ||
+            commandType == InspectUICommand.self
         options.verbose = parsedValues.flags.contains("verbose")
         options.jsonOutput = parsedValues.flags.contains("jsonOutput")
         let values = CommanderBindableValues(parsedValues: parsedValues)
@@ -53,7 +78,9 @@ enum CommanderCLIBinder {
             .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
             !captureEngine.isEmpty {
             options.captureEnginePreference = captureEngine
-            options.preferRemote = false
+            if !options.requiresApplicationLaunchOptions && !options.requiresHostApplicationInventory {
+                options.preferRemote = false
+            }
         }
         if let rawInputStrategy = values.singleOption("inputStrategy")?
             .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
@@ -66,10 +93,10 @@ enum CommanderCLIBinder {
                 )
             }
             options.inputStrategy = strategy
-            options.preferRemote = false
         }
         if values.flag("no-remote") {
             options.preferRemote = false
+            options.remoteIsolationRequested = true
         }
         let explicitBridgeSocket = values.singleOption("bridge-socket")?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
         if commandType == AgentCommand.self && !values.flag("no-remote") {
@@ -80,8 +107,10 @@ enum CommanderCLIBinder {
             options.preferRemote = false
             options.autoStartDaemon = false
         }
-        if Self.prefersLocalRuntime(commandType), !values.flag("no-remote"),
-           explicitBridgeSocket?.isEmpty ?? true {
+        if Self.requiresCallerLocalRuntime(commandType) {
+            options.preferRemote = false
+        } else if Self.prefersLocalRuntime(commandType), !values.flag("no-remote"),
+                  explicitBridgeSocket?.isEmpty ?? true {
             options.preferRemote = false
         }
         if let socketPath = explicitBridgeSocket, !socketPath.isEmpty {
@@ -99,6 +128,232 @@ enum CommanderCLIBinder {
         return options
     }
 
+    private static func requiresApplicationLaunchOptions(_ commandType: (any ParsableCommand.Type)?) -> Bool {
+        commandType == OpenCommand.self ||
+            commandType == AppCommand.LaunchSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == AppCommand.RelaunchSubcommand.self
+    }
+
+    private static func requiresHostApplicationInventory(_ commandType: (any ParsableCommand.Type)?) -> Bool {
+        commandType == ListCommand.AppsSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == AppCommand.ListSubcommand.self
+    }
+
+    private static func requiresImplicitSnapshotInvalidation(
+        _ commandType: (any ParsableCommand.Type)?,
+        parsedValues: ParsedValues
+    ) -> Bool {
+        if commandType == ClipboardCommand.self {
+            return self.clipboardMayMutate(parsedValues)
+        }
+        if commandType == MenuBarCommand.self {
+            return parsedValues.positional.first?.lowercased() == "click"
+        }
+        if commandType == BrowserCommand.self {
+            return BrowserCommand.actionMayMutate(parsedValues.positional.first ?? "status")
+        }
+        if commandType == SeeCommand.self {
+            return true
+        }
+        if self.isInteractivePermissionRequest(commandType) {
+            return true
+        }
+        if commandType == DialogCommand.ListSubcommand.self {
+            return self.dialogListMayFocus(parsedValues)
+        }
+        if commandType == MenuCommand.ListSubcommand.self {
+            return self.menuListMayFocus(parsedValues)
+        }
+        if commandType == ImageCommand.self ||
+            commandType == CaptureLiveCommand.self ||
+            commandType == CaptureWatchAlias.self {
+            return self.captureCommandMayFocus(commandType, parsedValues: parsedValues)
+        }
+        return commandType == OpenCommand.self ||
+            commandType == AppCommand.LaunchSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == AppCommand.RelaunchSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == AppCommand.QuitSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == AppCommand.HideSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == AppCommand.UnhideSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == AppCommand.SwitchSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == ClickCommand.self ||
+            commandType == MoveCommand.self ||
+            commandType == TypeCommand.self ||
+            commandType == PressCommand.self ||
+            commandType == HotkeyCommand.self ||
+            commandType == PasteCommand.self ||
+            commandType == ScrollCommand.self ||
+            commandType == SwipeCommand.self ||
+            commandType == DragCommand.self ||
+            commandType == SetValueCommand.self ||
+            commandType == PerformActionCommand.self ||
+            commandType == CaptureActionCommand.self ||
+            commandType == WindowCommand.FocusSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == WindowCommand.CloseSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == WindowCommand.MinimizeSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == WindowCommand.MaximizeSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == WindowCommand.MoveSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == WindowCommand.ResizeSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == WindowCommand.SetBoundsSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == DialogCommand.ClickSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == DialogCommand.DismissSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == DialogCommand.InputSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == DialogCommand.FileSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == MenuCommand.ClickSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == MenuCommand.ClickExtraSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == DockCommand.LaunchSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == DockCommand.RightClickSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == DockCommand.HideSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == DockCommand.ShowSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == SwitchSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == MoveWindowSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == RunCommand.self
+    }
+
+    private static func isInteractivePermissionRequest(
+        _ commandType: (any ParsableCommand.Type)?
+    ) -> Bool {
+        commandType == PermissionsCommand.RequestScreenRecordingSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == PermissionsCommand.RequestEventSynthesizingSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == PermissionCommand.RequestScreenRecordingSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == PermissionCommand.RequestAccessibilitySubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == PermissionCommand.RequestEventSynthesizingSubcommand.self
+    }
+
+    private static func clipboardMayMutate(_ parsedValues: ParsedValues) -> Bool {
+        let values = CommanderBindableValues(parsedValues: parsedValues)
+        let positionalAction = values.positionalValue(at: 0)?
+            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let action = (positionalAction?.isEmpty == false ? positionalAction : nil) ??
+            values.singleOption("actionOption") ??
+            values.singleOption("action")
+        return ClipboardCommand.actionMayMutate(action)
+    }
+
+    private static func menuListMayFocus(_ parsedValues: ParsedValues) -> Bool {
+        let values = CommanderBindableValues(parsedValues: parsedValues)
+        return !values.flag("noAutoFocus")
+    }
+
+    private static func dialogListMayFocus(_ parsedValues: ParsedValues) -> Bool {
+        let values = CommanderBindableValues(parsedValues: parsedValues)
+        let hasWindowTarget = values.singleOption("windowId") != nil ||
+            values.singleOption("windowTitle") != nil ||
+            values.singleOption("windowIndex") != nil
+        if hasWindowTarget {
+            return true
+        }
+        guard !values.flag("noAutoFocus") else { return false }
+
+        let app = values.singleOption("app")?
+            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        return app?.isEmpty == false ||
+            values.singleOption("pid") != nil
+    }
+
+    private static func captureCommandMayFocus(
+        _ commandType: (any ParsableCommand.Type)?,
+        parsedValues: ParsedValues
+    ) -> Bool {
+        let values = CommanderBindableValues(parsedValues: parsedValues)
+        let focus = values.singleOption("captureFocus")?
+            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+            .lowercased()
+        guard focus != "background" else { return false }
+
+        let app = values.singleOption("app")?
+            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let hasApplicationTarget = app?.isEmpty == false || values.singleOption("pid") != nil
+
+        if commandType == ImageCommand.self {
+            let normalizedApp = app?.lowercased()
+            guard normalizedApp != "menubar", normalizedApp != "frontmost" else { return false }
+
+            let mode = values.singleOption("mode")?
+                .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+                .lowercased() ?? Self.inferredImageCaptureMode(values)
+            switch mode {
+            case "window":
+                return values.singleOption("windowId") == nil && hasApplicationTarget
+            case "multi":
+                return hasApplicationTarget
+            default:
+                return false
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mode = values.singleOption("mode")?
+            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+            .lowercased() ?? Self.inferredLiveCaptureMode(values)
+        return mode == "window" && hasApplicationTarget
+    }
+
+    private static func inferredImageCaptureMode(_ values: CommanderBindableValues) -> String {
+        if values.singleOption("region") != nil { return "area" }
+        if values.singleOption("app") != nil ||
+            values.singleOption("pid") != nil ||
+            values.singleOption("windowTitle") != nil ||
+            values.singleOption("windowIndex") != nil ||
+            values.singleOption("windowId") != nil {
+            return "window"
+        }
+        return "frontmost"
+    }
+
+    private static func inferredLiveCaptureMode(_ values: CommanderBindableValues) -> String {
+        if values.singleOption("region") != nil { return "area" }
+        if values.singleOption("app") != nil ||
+            values.singleOption("pid") != nil ||
+            values.singleOption("windowTitle") != nil ||
+            values.singleOption("windowIndex") != nil {
+            return "window"
+        }
+        return "frontmost"
+    }
+
+    private static func requiresExactWindowTargetedClicks(
+        _ commandType: (any ParsableCommand.Type)?,
+        parsedValues: ParsedValues
+    ) -> Bool {
+        guard commandType == ClickCommand.self else { return false }
+        let values = CommanderBindableValues(parsedValues: parsedValues)
+        guard self.usesBackgroundClickDelivery(values) else { return false }
+
+        let hasWindowSelector = values.singleOption("windowId") != nil ||
+            values.singleOption("windowTitle") != nil ||
+            values.singleOption("windowIndex") != nil
+        if hasWindowSelector {
+            return true
+        }
+
+        let hasProcessTarget = values.singleOption("app") != nil || values.singleOption("pid") != nil
+        return values.singleOption("coords") != nil && hasProcessTarget && !values.flag("globalCoords")
+    }
+
+    private static func requiresPostEventClickPermission(
+        _ commandType: (any ParsableCommand.Type)?,
+        parsedValues: ParsedValues
+    ) -> Bool {
+        guard commandType == ClickCommand.self else { return false }
+        let values = CommanderBindableValues(parsedValues: parsedValues)
+        guard self.usesBackgroundClickDelivery(values) else { return false }
+        if values.singleOption("coords") != nil {
+            return true
+        }
+        // ClickCommand resolves conflicting flags as right-click first, then double-click.
+        return values.flag("double") && !values.flag("right")
+    }
+
+    private static func usesBackgroundClickDelivery(_ values: CommanderBindableValues) -> Bool {
+        if values.flag("focusBackground") { return true }
+        return !values.flag("foreground") &&
+            !values.flag("noAutoFocus") &&
+            !values.flag("spaceSwitch") &&
+            !values.flag("bringToCurrentSpace") &&
+            values.singleOption("focusTimeoutSeconds") == nil &&
+            values.singleOption("focusRetryCount") == nil
+    }
+
     private static func prefersLocalRuntime(_ commandType: (any ParsableCommand.Type)?) -> Bool {
         commandType == MCPCommand.Serve.self ||
             commandType == ToolsCommand.self ||
@@ -117,10 +372,16 @@ enum CommanderCLIBinder {
             commandType == ConfigCommand.TestProviderCommand.self ||
             commandType == ConfigCommand.RemoveProviderCommand.self ||
             commandType == ConfigCommand.ModelsProviderCommand.self ||
-            commandType == AppCommand.ListSubcommand.self ||
-            commandType == ListCommand.AppsSubcommand.self ||
             commandType == ListCommand.ScreensSubcommand.self ||
-            commandType == PermissionsCommand.RequestScreenRecordingSubcommand.self
+            commandType == PermissionsCommand.RequestScreenRecordingSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == PermissionCommand.RequestScreenRecordingSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == PermissionCommand.RequestAccessibilitySubcommand.self
+    }
+
+    private static func requiresCallerLocalRuntime(_ commandType: (any ParsableCommand.Type)?) -> Bool {
+        commandType == PermissionsCommand.RequestScreenRecordingSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == PermissionCommand.RequestScreenRecordingSubcommand.self ||
+            commandType == PermissionCommand.RequestAccessibilitySubcommand.self
     }
 
     private static func isDaemonCommand(_ commandType: (any ParsableCommand.Type)?) -> Bool {

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Base/Runtime/BridgeCapabilityPolicy.swift

@@ -12,15 +12,46 @@ enum BridgeCapabilityPolicy {
             return false
         }
 
-        if options.requiresElementActions && !self.supportsElementActions(for: handshake) {
+        if options.requiresElementActions, !self.supportsElementActions(for: handshake) {
             return false
         }
 
-        if options.requiresInspectAccessibilityTree && !self.supportsInspectAccessibilityTree(for: handshake) {
+        if options.requiresInspectAccessibilityTree, !self.supportsInspectAccessibilityTree(for: handshake) {
             return false
         }
 
-        if options.requiresBrowserMCP && !self.supportsBrowserMCP(for: handshake) {
+        if options.requiresBrowserMCP, !self.supportsBrowserMCP(for: handshake) {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        if options.requiresApplicationLaunchOptions, !self.supportsApplicationLaunchOptions(for: handshake) {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        if options.requiresApplicationRelaunch, !self.supportsApplicationRelaunch(for: handshake) {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        if options.requiresSurvivingApplicationHost, handshake.hostKind != .onDemand {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        if options.requiresHostApplicationInventory, !self.supportsHostApplicationInventory(for: handshake) {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        if options.requiresExactWindowTargetedClicks,
+           !self.supportsExactWindowTargetedClicks(for: handshake) {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        if options.requiresPostEventClickPermission,
+           handshake.permissions?.postEvent != true {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        if options.requiresImplicitSnapshotInvalidation || options.usesPerToolSnapshotInvalidation,
+           !self.supportsImplicitSnapshotInvalidation(for: handshake) {
             return false
         }
 
@@ -39,6 +70,45 @@ enum BridgeCapabilityPolicy {
         self.targetedClickAvailability(for: handshake).isEnabled
     }
 
+    static func supportsApplicationLaunchOptions(for handshake: PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse) -> Bool {
+        handshake.negotiatedVersion >= PeekabooBridgeProtocolVersion(major: 1, minor: 9) &&
+            handshake.supportedOperations.contains(.launchApplicationWithOptions)
+    }
+
+    static func supportsApplicationRelaunch(for handshake: PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse) -> Bool {
+        guard handshake.hostKind == .onDemand,
+              handshake.negotiatedVersion >= PeekabooBridgeProtocolVersion(major: 1, minor: 9),
+              handshake.supportedOperations.contains(.relaunchApplicationWithOptions)
+        else {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        let enabledOperations = handshake.enabledOperations ?? handshake.supportedOperations
+        return enabledOperations.contains(.relaunchApplicationWithOptions)
+    }
+
+    static func supportsHostApplicationInventory(for handshake: PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse) -> Bool {
+        guard handshake.negotiatedVersion >= PeekabooBridgeProtocolVersion(major: 1, minor: 0),
+              handshake.supportedOperations.contains(.listApplications)
+        else {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        let enabledOperations = handshake.enabledOperations ?? handshake.supportedOperations
+        return enabledOperations.contains(.listApplications)
+    }
+
+    static func supportsImplicitSnapshotInvalidation(for handshake: PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse) -> Bool {
+        guard handshake.negotiatedVersion >= PeekabooBridgeProtocolVersion(major: 1, minor: 9),
+              handshake.supportedOperations.contains(.invalidateImplicitLatestSnapshot)
+        else {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        let enabledOperations = handshake.enabledOperations ?? handshake.supportedOperations
+        return enabledOperations.contains(.invalidateImplicitLatestSnapshot)
+    }
+
     static func supportsElementActions(for handshake: PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse) -> Bool {
         handshake.negotiatedVersion >= PeekabooBridgeProtocolVersion(major: 1, minor: 3) &&
             handshake.supportedOperations.contains(.setValue) &&
@@ -82,7 +152,7 @@ enum BridgeCapabilityPolicy {
             return (true, nil, [])
         }
 
-        let missingPermissions = self.missingPermissions(for: .targetedHotkey, handshake: handshake)
+        let missingPermissions = missingPermissions(for: .targetedHotkey, handshake: handshake)
         guard !missingPermissions.isEmpty else {
             return (
                 false,
@@ -110,10 +180,25 @@ enum BridgeCapabilityPolicy {
 
         let enabledOperations = handshake.enabledOperations ?? handshake.supportedOperations
         if enabledOperations.contains(.targetedClick) {
-            return (true, nil, [])
+            let missingVariantPermissions: Set<PeekabooBridgePermissionKind> =
+                handshake.permissions?.postEvent == false ? [.postEvent] : []
+            return (true, nil, missingVariantPermissions)
         }
 
-        let missingPermissions = self.missingPermissions(for: .targetedClick, handshake: handshake)
+        let requestAwarePermissions =
+            handshake.negotiatedVersion >= PeekabooBridgeProtocolVersion(major: 1, minor: 9) &&
+            handshake.permissionTags[PeekabooBridgeOperation.targetedClick.rawValue]?.isEmpty == true
+        if requestAwarePermissions,
+           handshake.permissions?.accessibility == false,
+           handshake.permissions?.postEvent == false {
+            return (
+                false,
+                "Remote bridge host background clicks require Accessibility or Event Synthesizing permission",
+                []
+            )
+        }
+
+        let missingPermissions = missingPermissions(for: .targetedClick, handshake: handshake)
         guard !missingPermissions.isEmpty else {
             return (
                 false,
@@ -130,6 +215,16 @@ enum BridgeCapabilityPolicy {
         )
     }
 
+    static func supportsExactWindowTargetedClicks(for handshake: PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse) -> Bool {
+        guard handshake.negotiatedVersion >= PeekabooBridgeProtocolVersion(major: 1, minor: 9),
+              handshake.supportedOperations.contains(.exactWindowTargetedClick)
+        else {
+            return false
+        }
+        return (handshake.enabledOperations ?? handshake.supportedOperations)
+            .contains(.exactWindowTargetedClick)
+    }
+
     static func targetedTypeAvailability(for handshake: PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse)
     -> (isEnabled: Bool, unavailableReason: String?, missingPermissions: Set<PeekabooBridgePermissionKind>) {
         guard
@@ -144,7 +239,7 @@ enum BridgeCapabilityPolicy {
             return (true, nil, [])
         }
 
-        let missingPermissions = self.missingPermissions(for: .targetedTypeActions, handshake: handshake)
+        let missingPermissions = missingPermissions(for: .targetedTypeActions, handshake: handshake)
         guard !missingPermissions.isEmpty else {
             return (
                 false,
@@ -168,7 +263,7 @@ enum BridgeCapabilityPolicy {
         let requiredPermissions = Set(
             handshake.permissionTags[operation.rawValue] ?? Array(operation.requiredPermissions)
         )
-        let grantedPermissions = self.grantedPermissions(from: handshake.permissions)
+        let grantedPermissions = grantedPermissions(from: handshake.permissions)
         return requiredPermissions.subtracting(grantedPermissions)
     }
 

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Base/Runtime/DaemonLaunchPolicy.swift

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import Darwin
 import Foundation
+import MachO
 import PeekabooBridge
 
 enum DaemonLaunchPolicy {
@@ -23,6 +24,11 @@ enum DaemonLaunchPolicy {
         case timedOut
     }
 
+    enum LegacyStopRaceResolution: Equatable {
+        case keepReplacement
+        case useLegacy(socketPath: String)
+    }
+
     static func shouldAutoStartDaemon(
         options: CommandRuntimeOptions,
         environment: [String: String]
@@ -39,6 +45,200 @@ enum DaemonLaunchPolicy {
         return PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath
     }
 
+    static func runtimeBuildIdentity(
+        executableURL: URL? = Bundle.main.executableURL,
+        executableUUIDProvider: (URL) -> [String] = executableUUIDs
+    ) -> String {
+        let protocolVersion = PeekabooBridgeConstants.protocolVersion
+        let identityPrefix = "\(protocolVersion.major).\(protocolVersion.minor)|" +
+            PeekabooBridgeConstants.buildIdentifier
+        let resolvedURL = executableURL?.resolvingSymlinksInPath()
+        if let resolvedURL {
+            let executableUUIDs = executableUUIDProvider(resolvedURL).sorted()
+            if !executableUUIDs.isEmpty {
+                return "\(identityPrefix)|\(executableUUIDs.joined(separator: ","))"
+            }
+        }
+
+        let executablePath = resolvedURL?.path ?? CommandLine.arguments.first ?? "unknown"
+        let attributes = try? FileManager.default.attributesOfItem(atPath: executablePath)
+        let fileSize = (attributes?[.size] as? NSNumber)?.uint64Value ?? 0
+        let modificationBits = (attributes?[.modificationDate] as? Date)?
+            .timeIntervalSinceReferenceDate.bitPattern ?? 0
+        return [
+            identityPrefix,
+            executablePath,
+            "\(fileSize)",
+            "\(modificationBits)",
+        ].joined(separator: "|")
+    }
+
+    private enum ByteOrder {
+        case little
+        case big
+    }
+
+    private nonisolated static func executableUUIDs(_ executableURL: URL) -> [String] {
+        guard let data = try? Data(contentsOf: executableURL, options: .mappedIfSafe) else {
+            return []
+        }
+        return self.machoUUIDs(in: data)
+    }
+
+    nonisolated static func machoUUIDs(in data: Data) -> [String] {
+        guard let magic = readUInt32(data, at: 0, order: .little) else { return [] }
+        switch magic {
+        case UInt32(FAT_CIGAM), UInt32(FAT_CIGAM_64):
+            return self.fatMachOUUIDs(
+                in: data,
+                order: .big,
+                uses64BitArchitectureRecords: magic == UInt32(FAT_CIGAM_64)
+            )
+        case UInt32(FAT_MAGIC), UInt32(FAT_MAGIC_64):
+            return self.fatMachOUUIDs(
+                in: data,
+                order: .little,
+                uses64BitArchitectureRecords: magic == UInt32(FAT_MAGIC_64)
+            )
+        default:
+            return self.machOUUID(in: data, sliceOffset: 0).map { [$0] } ?? []
+        }
+    }
+
+    private nonisolated static func fatMachOUUIDs(
+        in data: Data,
+        order: ByteOrder,
+        uses64BitArchitectureRecords: Bool
+    ) -> [String] {
+        guard let architectureCount = readUInt32(data, at: 4, order: order) else { return [] }
+        let recordSize = uses64BitArchitectureRecords ? 32 : 20
+        guard architectureCount <= 64 else { return [] }
+
+        var uuids: [String] = []
+        for index in 0..<Int(architectureCount) {
+            let recordOffset = 8 + index * recordSize
+            let rawSliceOffset: UInt64? = if uses64BitArchitectureRecords {
+                self.readUInt64(data, at: recordOffset + 8, order: order)
+            } else {
+                self.readUInt32(data, at: recordOffset + 8, order: order).map(UInt64.init)
+            }
+            guard let rawSliceOffset, rawSliceOffset <= UInt64(Int.max) else { return [] }
+            if let uuid = machOUUID(in: data, sliceOffset: Int(rawSliceOffset)) {
+                uuids.append(uuid)
+            }
+        }
+        return uuids
+    }
+
+    private nonisolated static func machOUUID(in data: Data, sliceOffset: Int) -> String? {
+        guard let magic = readUInt32(data, at: sliceOffset, order: .little) else { return nil }
+        let order: ByteOrder
+        let headerSize: Int
+        switch magic {
+        case UInt32(MH_MAGIC):
+            order = .little
+            headerSize = 28
+        case UInt32(MH_MAGIC_64):
+            order = .little
+            headerSize = 32
+        case UInt32(MH_CIGAM):
+            order = .big
+            headerSize = 28
+        case UInt32(MH_CIGAM_64):
+            order = .big
+            headerSize = 32
+        default:
+            return nil
+        }
+
+        guard let commandCount = readUInt32(data, at: sliceOffset + 16, order: order),
+              let commandBytes = readUInt32(data, at: sliceOffset + 20, order: order),
+              commandCount <= 16384
+        else { return nil }
+        var commandOffset = sliceOffset + headerSize
+        let commandsEnd = commandOffset + Int(commandBytes)
+        guard commandsEnd >= commandOffset, commandsEnd <= data.count else { return nil }
+
+        for _ in 0..<Int(commandCount) {
+            guard let command = readUInt32(data, at: commandOffset, order: order),
+                  let rawCommandSize = readUInt32(data, at: commandOffset + 4, order: order)
+            else { return nil }
+            let commandSize = Int(rawCommandSize)
+            guard commandSize >= 8, commandOffset + commandSize <= commandsEnd else { return nil }
+
+            if command == UInt32(LC_UUID), commandSize >= 24 {
+                let uuidRange = (commandOffset + 8)..<(commandOffset + 24)
+                return data[uuidRange].map { String(format: "%02x", $0) }.joined()
+            }
+
+            commandOffset += commandSize
+        }
+        return nil
+    }
+
+    private nonisolated static func readUInt32(_ data: Data, at offset: Int, order: ByteOrder) -> UInt32? {
+        guard offset >= 0, offset + 4 <= data.count else { return nil }
+        let bytes = data[offset..<(offset + 4)]
+        return bytes.enumerated().reduce(UInt32(0)) { partial, pair in
+            let shift = switch order {
+            case .little: pair.offset * 8
+            case .big: (3 - pair.offset) * 8
+            }
+            return partial | UInt32(pair.element) << UInt32(shift)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private nonisolated static func readUInt64(_ data: Data, at offset: Int, order: ByteOrder) -> UInt64? {
+        guard offset >= 0, offset + 8 <= data.count else { return nil }
+        let bytes = data[offset..<(offset + 8)]
+        return bytes.enumerated().reduce(UInt64(0)) { partial, pair in
+            let shift = switch order {
+            case .little: pair.offset * 8
+            case .big: (7 - pair.offset) * 8
+            }
+            return partial | UInt64(pair.element) << UInt64(shift)
+        }
+    }
+
+    static func autoStartSocketPath(
+        daemonSocketPath: String,
+        defaultSocketWasOccupiedAndRejected: Bool,
+        runtimeBuildIdentity: String
+    ) -> String {
+        guard defaultSocketWasOccupiedAndRejected,
+              let buildScopedSocketPath = buildScopedDaemonSocketPath(
+                  daemonSocketPath: daemonSocketPath,
+                  runtimeBuildIdentity: runtimeBuildIdentity
+              )
+        else {
+            return daemonSocketPath
+        }
+
+        return buildScopedSocketPath
+    }
+
+    static func buildScopedDaemonSocketPath(
+        daemonSocketPath: String,
+        runtimeBuildIdentity: String
+    ) -> String? {
+        guard self.standardizedSocketPath(daemonSocketPath) ==
+            self.standardizedSocketPath(PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath)
+        else { return nil }
+        return URL(fileURLWithPath: daemonSocketPath)
+            .deletingLastPathComponent()
+            .appendingPathComponent("daemon-\(self.stableHash(runtimeBuildIdentity)).sock")
+            .path
+    }
+
+    private static func stableHash(_ value: String) -> String {
+        var hash: UInt64 = 14_695_981_039_346_656_037
+        for byte in value.utf8 {
+            hash ^= UInt64(byte)
+            hash &*= 1_099_511_628_211
+        }
+        return String(format: "%016llx", hash)
+    }
+
     static func daemonIdleTimeoutSeconds(environment: [String: String]) -> TimeInterval {
         guard let raw = environment["PEEKABOO_DAEMON_IDLE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS"]?
             .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
@@ -56,10 +256,12 @@ enum DaemonLaunchPolicy {
 
     static func implicitRuntimeCandidateRole(
         socketPath: String,
-        daemonSocketPath: String
+        daemonSocketPath: String,
+        buildScopedDaemonSocketPath: String? = nil
     ) -> ImplicitRuntimeCandidateRole? {
         let candidate = self.standardizedSocketPath(socketPath)
-        if candidate == self.standardizedSocketPath(daemonSocketPath) {
+        if candidate == self.standardizedSocketPath(daemonSocketPath) ||
+            buildScopedDaemonSocketPath.map(self.standardizedSocketPath) == candidate {
             return .reusableDaemon
         }
         if self.shouldMigrateLegacyDaemon(targetSocketPath: daemonSocketPath),
@@ -175,53 +377,64 @@ enum DaemonLaunchPolicy {
         let legacyClient = DaemonControlClient(socketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath)
         if self.shouldMigrateLegacyDaemon(targetSocketPath: socketPath),
            let legacyStatus = await legacyClient.fetchReusableDaemonStatus(),
-           let migrationArguments = self.migratedDaemonArguments(
+           let migrationArguments = migratedDaemonArguments(
                socketPath: socketPath,
                status: legacyStatus,
                fallbackIdleTimeoutSeconds: fallbackIdleTimeoutSeconds
            ) {
-            guard DaemonControlClient.supportsSafeMigration(legacyStatus),
-                  DaemonControlClient.isIdleForMigration(legacyStatus)
-            else {
-                return PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath
-            }
-            launchArguments = migrationArguments
+            if DaemonControlClient.supportsSafeMigration(legacyStatus),
+               DaemonControlClient.isIdleForMigration(legacyStatus) {
+                launchArguments = migrationArguments
 
-            guard let replacement = await self.launchDaemon(
-                socketPath: socketPath,
-                arguments: launchArguments
-            )
-            else {
-                return await legacyClient.fetchReusableDaemonStatus() != nil
-                    ? PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath
-                    : nil
-            }
-
-            do {
-                let stopped = try await legacyClient.stopAndWait(
-                    waitSeconds: DaemonControlClient.defaultShutdownWaitSeconds,
-                    expectedPID: legacyStatus.pid,
-                    requireIdentityMatch: true
+                guard let replacement = await launchDaemon(
+                    socketPath: socketPath,
+                    arguments: launchArguments
                 )
-                if !stopped {
-                    if await legacyClient.fetchReusableDaemonStatus() != nil {
-                        let cleanedUp = await self.stopReplacement(
-                            client: client,
-                            replacement: replacement
-                        )
-                        return cleanedUp ? PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath : nil
+                else {
+                    return await self.compatibleLegacyFallbackSocketPath {
+                        await legacyClient.fetchReusableDaemonStatus()
                     }
                 }
-            } catch {
-                if await legacyClient.fetchReusableDaemonStatus() != nil {
-                    let cleanedUp = await self.stopReplacement(
-                        client: client,
-                        replacement: replacement
+
+                do {
+                    let stopped = try await legacyClient.stopAndWait(
+                        waitSeconds: DaemonControlClient.defaultShutdownWaitSeconds,
+                        expectedPID: legacyStatus.pid,
+                        requireIdentityMatch: true
                     )
-                    return cleanedUp ? PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath : nil
+                    if !stopped {
+                        if let currentLegacyStatus = await legacyClient.fetchReusableDaemonStatus() {
+                            return await self.resolveLegacyStopRace(
+                                legacyStatus: currentLegacyStatus,
+                                client: client,
+                                replacement: replacement,
+                                replacementSocketPath: socketPath
+                            )
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch {
+                    if let currentLegacyStatus = await legacyClient.fetchReusableDaemonStatus() {
+                        return await self.resolveLegacyStopRace(
+                            legacyStatus: currentLegacyStatus,
+                            client: client,
+                            replacement: replacement,
+                            replacementSocketPath: socketPath
+                        )
+                    }
                 }
+                return await client.fetchReusableDaemonStatus() != nil ? socketPath : nil
             }
-            return await client.fetchReusableDaemonStatus() != nil ? socketPath : nil
+
+            if let fallback = self.compatibleLegacyFallbackSocketPath(for: legacyStatus) {
+                return fallback
+            }
+            // An incompatible legacy host cannot satisfy this caller. Leave it running and
+            // start the current daemon on the free canonical socket instead.
+            launchArguments = self.daemonArguments(
+                socketPath: socketPath,
+                mode: .auto,
+                idleTimeoutSeconds: fallbackIdleTimeoutSeconds
+            )
         }
 
         return await self.launchDaemon(
@@ -230,6 +443,63 @@ enum DaemonLaunchPolicy {
         ) != nil ? socketPath : nil
     }
 
+    static func compatibleLegacyFallbackSocketPath(for status: PeekabooDaemonStatus) -> String? {
+        guard DaemonControlPlanner.supportsCurrentDaemon(status) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        return PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath
+    }
+
+    static func compatibleLegacyFallbackSocketPath(
+        refreshingWith fetchStatus: () async -> PeekabooDaemonStatus?
+    ) async -> String? {
+        guard let currentStatus = await fetchStatus() else { return nil }
+        return self.compatibleLegacyFallbackSocketPath(for: currentStatus)
+    }
+
+    static func legacyStopRaceResolution(for status: PeekabooDaemonStatus) -> LegacyStopRaceResolution {
+        if let fallback = self.compatibleLegacyFallbackSocketPath(for: status) {
+            return .useLegacy(socketPath: fallback)
+        }
+        return .keepReplacement
+    }
+
+    static func legacyStopRaceSocketPath(
+        replacementCleanupSucceeded: Bool,
+        replacementIsReusable: Bool,
+        legacySocketPath: String,
+        replacementSocketPath: String
+    ) -> String? {
+        if replacementCleanupSucceeded {
+            return legacySocketPath
+        }
+        return replacementIsReusable ? replacementSocketPath : nil
+    }
+
+    private static func resolveLegacyStopRace(
+        legacyStatus: PeekabooDaemonStatus,
+        client: DaemonControlClient,
+        replacement: LaunchResult,
+        replacementSocketPath: String
+    ) async -> String? {
+        switch self.legacyStopRaceResolution(for: legacyStatus) {
+        case .keepReplacement:
+            return await client.fetchReusableDaemonStatus() != nil ? replacementSocketPath : nil
+        case let .useLegacy(socketPath):
+            let cleanedUp = await self.stopReplacement(client: client, replacement: replacement)
+            var replacementIsReusable = false
+            if !cleanedUp {
+                replacementIsReusable = await client.fetchReusableDaemonStatus() != nil
+            }
+            return self.legacyStopRaceSocketPath(
+                replacementCleanupSucceeded: cleanedUp,
+                replacementIsReusable: replacementIsReusable,
+                legacySocketPath: socketPath,
+                replacementSocketPath: replacementSocketPath
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
     static func waitForDaemonSocketAvailability(
         socketPath: String,
         client: DaemonControlClient,

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Base/Runtime/RuntimeHostResolver.swift

@@ -6,27 +6,87 @@ import PeekabooCore
 
 @MainActor
 enum RuntimeHostResolver {
-    static func resolveServices(options: CommandRuntimeOptions)
-    async -> (services: any PeekabooServiceProviding, hostDescription: String) {
+    struct Resolution {
+        let services: any PeekabooServiceProviding
+        let hostDescription: String
+        let selectedRemoteSocketPath: String?
+        let selectedRemoteHostProcessIdentifier: pid_t?
+        let snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: [String]
+        let applicationRelaunchAllowed: Bool
+    }
+
+    struct ImplicitRemoteCandidate: Equatable {
+        let socketPath: String
+        let requireReusableDaemon: Bool
+        let requiredHostKind: PeekabooBridgeHostKind?
+        let requiresValidatedHistoricalDaemon: Bool
+    }
+
+    struct RemoteCandidatePlan {
+        let explicitSocket: String?
+        let daemonSocketPath: String
+        let runtimeBuildIdentity: String
+        let buildScopedDaemonSocketPath: String?
+        let historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths: [String]
+        let candidates: [ImplicitRemoteCandidate]
+    }
+
+    struct RemoteCandidateValidation {
+        let reusableDaemonStatus: PeekabooDaemonStatus?
+    }
+
+    enum InitialRoutingDecision: Equatable {
+        case local(snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: [String])
+        case remote
+    }
+
+    static func resolveServices(options: CommandRuntimeOptions) async -> Resolution {
         let environment = ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment
-        let envNoRemote = environment["PEEKABOO_NO_REMOTE"]
-        guard options.preferRemote,
-              envNoRemote == nil,
-              options.inputStrategy == nil,
-              !RuntimeInputPolicyResolver.hasEnvironmentOverride(environment: environment),
-              !RuntimeInputPolicyResolver.hasConfigOverride(
-                  input: PeekabooAutomation.ConfigurationManager.shared.getConfiguration()?.input
-              )
-        else {
-            return (
+        let configurationInput = PeekabooAutomation.ConfigurationManager.shared.getConfiguration()?.input
+        guard self.shouldResolveKnownRemoteEndpoints(
+            options: options,
+            environment: environment,
+            configurationInput: configurationInput
+        ) else {
+            return Resolution(
                 services: RuntimeServiceFactory.makeLocalServices(options: options),
-                hostDescription: "local (in-process)"
+                hostDescription: "local (in-process)",
+                selectedRemoteSocketPath: nil,
+                selectedRemoteHostProcessIdentifier: nil,
+                snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: [],
+                applicationRelaunchAllowed: true
             )
         }
 
-        let explicitSocket = BridgeSocketResolver.explicitBridgeSocket(options: options, environment: environment)
+        let candidatePlan = await self.remoteCandidatePlan(options: options, environment: environment)
+        let explicitSocket = candidatePlan.explicitSocket
+        let daemonSocketPath = candidatePlan.daemonSocketPath
+        let runtimeBuildIdentity = candidatePlan.runtimeBuildIdentity
+        let buildScopedDaemonSocketPath = candidatePlan.buildScopedDaemonSocketPath
+        let historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths = candidatePlan.historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths
+        let snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths = snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths(
+            explicitSocket: explicitSocket,
+            daemonSocketPath: daemonSocketPath,
+            buildScopedDaemonSocketPath: buildScopedDaemonSocketPath,
+            historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths: historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths
+        )
+
+        if case let .local(localSnapshotInvalidationPaths) = initialRoutingDecision(
+            options: options,
+            environment: environment,
+            configurationInput: configurationInput,
+            knownSnapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths
+        ) {
+            return Resolution(
+                services: RuntimeServiceFactory.makeLocalServices(options: options),
+                hostDescription: "local (in-process)",
+                selectedRemoteSocketPath: nil,
+                selectedRemoteHostProcessIdentifier: nil,
+                snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: localSnapshotInvalidationPaths,
+                applicationRelaunchAllowed: true
+            )
+        }
 
-        let daemonSocketPath = DaemonLaunchPolicy.daemonSocketPath(environment: environment)
         let identity = PeekabooBridgeClientIdentity(
             bundleIdentifier: Bundle.main.bundleIdentifier,
             teamIdentifier: nil,
@@ -34,86 +94,289 @@ enum RuntimeHostResolver {
             hostname: Host.current().name
         )
 
-        if let explicitSocket, !explicitSocket.isEmpty {
-            if let resolved = await self.resolveRemoteServices(
-                candidates: [explicitSocket],
-                identity: identity,
-                options: options,
-                requireReusableDaemon: false
-            ) {
-                return resolved
-            }
-        } else {
-            if let resolved = await self.resolveRemoteServices(
-                candidates: [daemonSocketPath],
-                identity: identity,
-                options: options,
-                requireReusableDaemon: true
-            ) {
-                return resolved
-            }
-            if DaemonLaunchPolicy.shouldMigrateLegacyDaemon(targetSocketPath: daemonSocketPath),
-               let resolved = await self.resolveRemoteServices(
-                   candidates: [PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath],
-                   identity: identity,
-                   options: options,
-                   requireReusableDaemon: false,
-                   requiredHostKind: .gui
-               ) {
-                return resolved
-            }
-        }
-
-        if options.autoStartDaemon,
-           DaemonLaunchPolicy.shouldAutoStartDaemon(options: options, environment: environment),
-           let resolvedDaemonSocket = await DaemonLaunchPolicy.startOnDemandDaemon(
-               socketPath: daemonSocketPath,
-               environment: environment
-           ),
-           let resolved = await self.resolveRemoteServices(
-               candidates: [resolvedDaemonSocket],
-               identity: identity,
-               options: options,
-               requireReusableDaemon: true
-           ) {
+        if let resolved = await resolveRemoteServices(
+            candidates: candidatePlan.candidates,
+            identity: identity,
+            options: options,
+            snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths
+        ) {
             return resolved
         }
 
-        return (
+        if DaemonLaunchPolicy.shouldAutoStartDaemon(options: options, environment: environment) {
+            let rejectedDefaultSocketOccupant =
+                await DaemonControlClient(socketPath: daemonSocketPath).fetchStatus() != nil
+            let autoStartSocketPath = DaemonLaunchPolicy.autoStartSocketPath(
+                daemonSocketPath: daemonSocketPath,
+                defaultSocketWasOccupiedAndRejected: rejectedDefaultSocketOccupant,
+                runtimeBuildIdentity: runtimeBuildIdentity
+            )
+            if let resolvedDaemonSocket = await DaemonLaunchPolicy.startOnDemandDaemon(
+                socketPath: autoStartSocketPath,
+                environment: environment
+            ),
+                let resolved = await resolveRemoteServices(
+                    candidates: [ImplicitRemoteCandidate(
+                        socketPath: resolvedDaemonSocket,
+                        requireReusableDaemon: true,
+                        requiredHostKind: nil,
+                        requiresValidatedHistoricalDaemon: false
+                    )],
+                    identity: identity,
+                    options: options,
+                    snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths
+                ) {
+                return resolved
+            }
+        }
+
+        return Resolution(
             services: RuntimeServiceFactory.makeLocalServices(options: options),
-            hostDescription: "local (in-process)"
+            hostDescription: "local (in-process fallback)",
+            selectedRemoteSocketPath: nil,
+            selectedRemoteHostProcessIdentifier: nil,
+            snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths,
+            applicationRelaunchAllowed: !options.requiresApplicationRelaunch
         )
     }
 
+    static func remoteRoutingAllowed(
+        options: CommandRuntimeOptions,
+        environment: [String: String],
+        configurationInput: PeekabooAutomation.Configuration.InputConfig?
+    ) -> Bool {
+        self.initialRoutingDecision(
+            options: options,
+            environment: environment,
+            configurationInput: configurationInput,
+            knownSnapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: []
+        ) == .remote
+    }
+
+    static func remoteCandidatePlan(
+        options: CommandRuntimeOptions,
+        environment: [String: String]
+    ) async -> RemoteCandidatePlan {
+        let explicitSocket = BridgeSocketResolver.explicitBridgeSocket(options: options, environment: environment)
+        let daemonSocketPath = DaemonLaunchPolicy.daemonSocketPath(environment: environment)
+        let runtimeBuildIdentity = DaemonLaunchPolicy.runtimeBuildIdentity()
+        let buildScopedDaemonSocketPath = DaemonLaunchPolicy.buildScopedDaemonSocketPath(
+            daemonSocketPath: daemonSocketPath,
+            runtimeBuildIdentity: runtimeBuildIdentity
+        )
+        let historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths: [String] = if self.shouldDiscoverHistoricalDaemons(
+            explicitSocket: explicitSocket,
+            daemonSocketPath: daemonSocketPath
+        ) {
+            await DaemonControlResolver.validatedHistoricalTargets(
+                daemonSocketPath: daemonSocketPath,
+                currentBuildScopedSocketPath: buildScopedDaemonSocketPath
+            )
+            .filter { DaemonControlPlanner.supportsCurrentDaemon($0.status) }
+            .map(\.client.socketPath)
+        } else {
+            []
+        }
+
+        let candidates: [ImplicitRemoteCandidate] = if let explicitSocket, !explicitSocket.isEmpty {
+            [ImplicitRemoteCandidate(
+                socketPath: explicitSocket,
+                requireReusableDaemon: false,
+                requiredHostKind: nil,
+                requiresValidatedHistoricalDaemon: false
+            )]
+        } else {
+            self.implicitRemoteCandidates(
+                options: options,
+                daemonSocketPath: daemonSocketPath,
+                buildScopedDaemonSocketPath: buildScopedDaemonSocketPath,
+                historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths: historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths
+            )
+        }
+
+        return RemoteCandidatePlan(
+            explicitSocket: explicitSocket,
+            daemonSocketPath: daemonSocketPath,
+            runtimeBuildIdentity: runtimeBuildIdentity,
+            buildScopedDaemonSocketPath: buildScopedDaemonSocketPath,
+            historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths: historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths,
+            candidates: candidates
+        )
+    }
+
+    static func initialRoutingDecision(
+        options: CommandRuntimeOptions,
+        environment: [String: String],
+        configurationInput: PeekabooAutomation.Configuration.InputConfig?,
+        knownSnapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: [String]
+    ) -> InitialRoutingDecision {
+        guard !self.remoteIsolationRequested(options: options, environment: environment) else {
+            return .local(snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: [])
+        }
+
+        if self.inputPolicyRequiresLocal(
+            options: options,
+            environment: environment,
+            configurationInput: configurationInput
+        ) {
+            return .local(
+                snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: knownSnapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths
+            )
+        }
+
+        if !options.preferRemote,
+           options.requiresImplicitSnapshotInvalidation || options.usesPerToolSnapshotInvalidation {
+            return .local(
+                snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: knownSnapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths
+            )
+        }
+
+        guard options.preferRemote else {
+            return .local(snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: [])
+        }
+
+        return .remote
+    }
+
+    static func shouldResolveKnownRemoteEndpoints(
+        options: CommandRuntimeOptions,
+        environment: [String: String],
+        configurationInput: PeekabooAutomation.Configuration.InputConfig?
+    ) -> Bool {
+        guard !self.remoteIsolationRequested(options: options, environment: environment) else {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        return options.preferRemote ||
+            options.requiresImplicitSnapshotInvalidation ||
+            options.usesPerToolSnapshotInvalidation ||
+            self.inputPolicyRequiresLocal(
+                options: options,
+                environment: environment,
+                configurationInput: configurationInput
+            )
+    }
+
+    static func remoteIsolationRequested(
+        options: CommandRuntimeOptions,
+        environment: [String: String]
+    ) -> Bool {
+        options.remoteIsolationRequested || environment["PEEKABOO_NO_REMOTE"] != nil
+    }
+
+    static func snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths(
+        explicitSocket: String?,
+        daemonSocketPath: String,
+        buildScopedDaemonSocketPath: String? = nil,
+        historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths: [String] = []
+    ) -> [String] {
+        var seen = Set<String>()
+        var candidatePaths = [
+            explicitSocket,
+            PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath,
+            daemonSocketPath,
+            buildScopedDaemonSocketPath,
+        ]
+            .compactMap(\.self)
+        candidatePaths.append(contentsOf: historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths)
+        return candidatePaths
+            .map { NSString(string: $0).standardizingPath }
+            .filter { !$0.isEmpty && seen.insert($0).inserted }
+    }
+
+    static func shouldDiscoverHistoricalDaemons(
+        explicitSocket: String?,
+        daemonSocketPath: String
+    ) -> Bool {
+        explicitSocket == nil && DaemonLaunchPolicy.shouldMigrateLegacyDaemon(targetSocketPath: daemonSocketPath)
+    }
+
+    static func inputPolicyRequiresLocal(
+        options: CommandRuntimeOptions,
+        environment: [String: String],
+        configurationInput: PeekabooAutomation.Configuration.InputConfig?
+    ) -> Bool {
+        guard !options.requiresApplicationLaunchOptions,
+              !options.requiresHostApplicationInventory
+        else {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        return options.inputStrategy != nil ||
+            RuntimeInputPolicyResolver.hasEnvironmentOverride(environment: environment) ||
+            RuntimeInputPolicyResolver.hasConfigOverride(input: configurationInput)
+    }
+
+    static func implicitRemoteCandidates(
+        options: CommandRuntimeOptions,
+        daemonSocketPath: String,
+        buildScopedDaemonSocketPath: String? = nil,
+        historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths: [String] = []
+    ) -> [ImplicitRemoteCandidate] {
+        var seenDaemonPaths = Set<String>()
+        var daemons: [ImplicitRemoteCandidate] = []
+        for socketPath in [daemonSocketPath, buildScopedDaemonSocketPath].compactMap(\.self) {
+            guard seenDaemonPaths.insert(NSString(string: socketPath).standardizingPath).inserted else { continue }
+            daemons.append(ImplicitRemoteCandidate(
+                socketPath: socketPath,
+                requireReusableDaemon: true,
+                requiredHostKind: nil,
+                requiresValidatedHistoricalDaemon: false
+            ))
+        }
+        for socketPath in historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths {
+            guard seenDaemonPaths.insert(NSString(string: socketPath).standardizingPath).inserted else { continue }
+            daemons.append(ImplicitRemoteCandidate(
+                socketPath: socketPath,
+                requireReusableDaemon: true,
+                requiredHostKind: .onDemand,
+                requiresValidatedHistoricalDaemon: true
+            ))
+        }
+        let gui = ImplicitRemoteCandidate(
+            socketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath,
+            requireReusableDaemon: false,
+            requiredHostKind: .gui,
+            requiresValidatedHistoricalDaemon: false
+        )
+
+        if options.requiresApplicationRelaunch || options.requiresSurvivingApplicationHost {
+            return daemons
+        }
+        if options.requiresApplicationLaunchOptions || options.requiresHostApplicationInventory {
+            return [gui] + daemons
+        }
+        if DaemonLaunchPolicy.shouldMigrateLegacyDaemon(targetSocketPath: daemonSocketPath) {
+            return daemons + [gui]
+        }
+        return daemons
+    }
+
     private static func resolveRemoteServices(
-        candidates: [String],
+        candidates: [ImplicitRemoteCandidate],
         identity: PeekabooBridgeClientIdentity,
         options: CommandRuntimeOptions,
-        requireReusableDaemon: Bool,
-        requiredHostKind: PeekabooBridgeHostKind? = nil
+        snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: [String]
     )
-    async -> (services: any PeekabooServiceProviding, hostDescription: String)? {
-        for socketPath in candidates {
+    async -> Resolution? {
+        for candidate in candidates {
+            let socketPath = candidate.socketPath
             let client = PeekabooBridgeClient(socketPath: socketPath)
             do {
                 let handshake = try await client.handshake(client: identity, requestedHost: nil)
-                guard requiredHostKind == nil || handshake.hostKind == requiredHostKind else {
-                    continue
-                }
-                guard BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsRemoteRequirements(for: handshake, options: options) else {
-                    continue
-                }
-                if requireReusableDaemon,
-                   await DaemonControlClient(socketPath: socketPath).fetchReusableDaemonStatus() == nil {
-                    continue
-                }
+                guard let validation = await self.validateRemoteCandidate(
+                    candidate,
+                    handshake: handshake,
+                    options: options
+                ) else { continue }
+                let reusableDaemonStatus = validation.reusableDaemonStatus
 
                 let targetedHotkeyAvailability = BridgeCapabilityPolicy.targetedHotkeyAvailability(for: handshake)
                 let targetedTypeAvailability = BridgeCapabilityPolicy.targetedTypeAvailability(for: handshake)
                 let targetedClickAvailability = BridgeCapabilityPolicy.targetedClickAvailability(for: handshake)
                 let hostDescription = "remote \(handshake.hostKind.rawValue) via \(socketPath)" +
                     (handshake.build.map { " (build \($0))" } ?? "")
-                return (
+                return Resolution(
                     services: RemotePeekabooServices(
                         client: client,
                         supportsTargetedHotkeys: targetedHotkeyAvailability.isEnabled,
@@ -128,6 +391,8 @@ enum RuntimeHostResolver {
                         targetedClickUnavailableReason: targetedClickAvailability.unavailableReason,
                         targetedClickRequiresEventSynthesizingPermission:
                         targetedClickAvailability.missingPermissions.contains(.postEvent),
+                        supportsExactWindowTargetedClicks:
+                        BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsExactWindowTargetedClicks(for: handshake),
                         supportsInspectAccessibilityTree: BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsInspectAccessibilityTree(
                             for: handshake
                         ),
@@ -136,9 +401,20 @@ enum RuntimeHostResolver {
                         ),
                         supportsElementActions: BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsElementActions(for: handshake),
                         supportsDesktopObservation: BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsDesktopObservation(for: handshake),
-                        allowLocalApplicationFallback: handshake.hostKind == .onDemand
+                        supportsImplicitLatestSnapshotInvalidation:
+                        BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsImplicitSnapshotInvalidation(for: handshake),
+                        supportsApplicationLaunchOptions:
+                        BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsApplicationLaunchOptions(for: handshake),
+                        supportsApplicationRelaunch:
+                        BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsApplicationRelaunch(for: handshake),
+                        allowLocalApplicationFallback: handshake.hostKind == .onDemand,
+                        desktopMutationWatermarkStore: DesktopMutationWatermarkStore()
                     ),
-                    hostDescription: hostDescription
+                    hostDescription: hostDescription,
+                    selectedRemoteSocketPath: NSString(string: socketPath).standardizingPath,
+                    selectedRemoteHostProcessIdentifier: reusableDaemonStatus?.pid,
+                    snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths,
+                    applicationRelaunchAllowed: BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsApplicationRelaunch(for: handshake)
                 )
             } catch {
                 continue
@@ -146,4 +422,47 @@ enum RuntimeHostResolver {
         }
         return nil
     }
+
+    static func validateRemoteCandidate(
+        _ candidate: ImplicitRemoteCandidate,
+        handshake: PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse,
+        options: CommandRuntimeOptions,
+        fetchReusableDaemonStatus: (String) async -> PeekabooDaemonStatus? = { socketPath in
+            await DaemonControlClient(socketPath: socketPath).fetchReusableDaemonStatus()
+        }
+    ) async -> RemoteCandidateValidation? {
+        guard candidate.requiredHostKind == nil || handshake.hostKind == candidate.requiredHostKind else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        guard BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsRemoteRequirements(for: handshake, options: options) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+
+        let requiresReusableHost = candidate.requireReusableDaemon ||
+            options.requiresApplicationRelaunch ||
+            options.requiresSurvivingApplicationHost
+        let reusableDaemonStatus: PeekabooDaemonStatus? = if requiresReusableHost {
+            await fetchReusableDaemonStatus(candidate.socketPath)
+        } else {
+            nil
+        }
+        guard !requiresReusableHost || reusableDaemonStatus != nil else { return nil }
+
+        if candidate.requiresValidatedHistoricalDaemon {
+            guard let reusableDaemonStatus,
+                  DaemonControlResolver.isValidatedHistoricalTarget(
+                      status: reusableDaemonStatus,
+                      socketPath: candidate.socketPath
+                  ),
+                  DaemonControlPlanner.supportsCurrentDaemon(reusableDaemonStatus)
+            else {
+                return nil
+            }
+        }
+        if options.requiresApplicationRelaunch || options.requiresSurvivingApplicationHost,
+           reusableDaemonStatus?.pid == nil {
+            return nil
+        }
+        return RemoteCandidateValidation(reusableDaemonStatus: reusableDaemonStatus)
+    }
 }

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Base/Runtime/RuntimeServiceFactory.swift

@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ import PeekabooCore
 enum RuntimeServiceFactory {
     static func makeLocalServices(options: CommandRuntimeOptions) -> PeekabooServices {
         PeekabooServices(
+            snapshotManager: SnapshotManager(
+                desktopMutationWatermarkStore: DesktopMutationWatermarkStore()
+            ),
             inputPolicy: PeekabooAutomation.ConfigurationManager.shared.getUIInputPolicy(
                 cliStrategy: options.inputStrategy
             )

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Core/BridgeCommand+Diagnostics.swift

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import Foundation
+import PeekabooAutomation
 import PeekabooBridge
 import Security
 
@@ -12,11 +13,13 @@ struct BridgeDiagnostics {
     @MainActor
     func run(runtimeOptions: CommandRuntimeOptions) async -> BridgeStatusReport {
         let environment = ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment
-        let envNoRemote = environment["PEEKABOO_NO_REMOTE"]
-        let shouldSkipRemote = !runtimeOptions.preferRemote || envNoRemote != nil
-        let remoteSkipReason = shouldSkipRemote
-            ? (!runtimeOptions.preferRemote ? "--no-remote" : "PEEKABOO_NO_REMOTE")
-            : nil
+        let effectiveOptions = runtimeOptions.applyingEnvironmentOverrides(environment: environment)
+        let configurationInput = PeekabooAutomation.ConfigurationManager.shared.getConfiguration()?.input
+        let remoteSkipReason = Self.remoteSkipReason(
+            runtimeOptions: effectiveOptions,
+            environment: environment,
+            configurationInput: configurationInput
+        )
 
         let identity = PeekabooBridgeClientIdentity(
             bundleIdentifier: Bundle.main.bundleIdentifier,
@@ -25,17 +28,12 @@ struct BridgeDiagnostics {
             hostname: Host.current().name
         )
 
-        let runtimeCandidates = Self.runtimeCandidateSocketPaths(
-            runtimeOptions: runtimeOptions,
-            environment: environment
-        )
-        let candidates = Self.diagnosticSocketPaths(
-            runtimeOptions: runtimeOptions,
-            environment: environment
-        )
-        let selectablePaths = Set(runtimeCandidates)
-        if shouldSkipRemote {
-            self.logger.debug("Bridge status: remote skipped (\(remoteSkipReason ?? "unknown reason"))")
+        if let remoteSkipReason {
+            let candidates = Self.diagnosticSocketPaths(
+                runtimeOptions: effectiveOptions,
+                environment: environment
+            )
+            self.logger.debug("Bridge status: remote skipped (\(remoteSkipReason))")
             return BridgeStatusReport(
                 remoteSkipped: true,
                 remoteSkipReason: remoteSkipReason,
@@ -45,6 +43,23 @@ struct BridgeDiagnostics {
             )
         }
 
+        let candidatePlan = await RuntimeHostResolver.remoteCandidatePlan(
+            options: effectiveOptions,
+            environment: environment
+        )
+        let runtimeCandidates = candidatePlan.candidates
+        let candidates = Self.diagnosticSocketPaths(
+            runtimeCandidateSocketPaths: runtimeCandidates.map(\.socketPath),
+            hasExplicitSocket: candidatePlan.explicitSocket != nil
+        )
+        var runtimeCandidateByPath: [String: RuntimeHostResolver.ImplicitRemoteCandidate] = [:]
+        for candidate in runtimeCandidates {
+            let path = NSString(string: candidate.socketPath).standardizingPath
+            if runtimeCandidateByPath[path] == nil {
+                runtimeCandidateByPath[path] = candidate
+            }
+        }
+
         var results: [BridgeCandidateReport] = []
         var selected: BridgeSelectionReport?
 
@@ -59,37 +74,17 @@ struct BridgeDiagnostics {
                 )
                 results.append(.init(socketPath: socketPath, result: .success(report)))
 
-                let enabledOps = handshake.enabledOperations ?? handshake.supportedOperations
-                let isImplicitRuntimeCandidate =
-                    BridgeSocketResolver.explicitBridgeSocket(
-                        options: runtimeOptions,
-                        environment: environment
-                    ) == nil &&
-                    selectablePaths.contains(socketPath)
-                let isSelectableRuntime: Bool
-                if isImplicitRuntimeCandidate,
-                   let role = DaemonLaunchPolicy.implicitRuntimeCandidateRole(
-                       socketPath: socketPath,
-                       daemonSocketPath: DaemonLaunchPolicy.daemonSocketPath(
-                           environment: environment
-                       )
-                   ) {
-                    let daemonStatus = handshake.hostKind == .gui
-                        ? nil
-                        : await DaemonControlClient(socketPath: socketPath).fetchStatus()
-                    isSelectableRuntime = DaemonLaunchPolicy.isSelectableImplicitRuntimeCandidate(
-                        role: role,
-                        handshake: handshake,
-                        daemonStatus: daemonStatus
-                    )
-                } else {
-                    isSelectableRuntime = true
-                }
+                let candidatePath = NSString(string: socketPath).standardizingPath
                 if selected == nil,
-                   selectablePaths.contains(socketPath),
-                   isSelectableRuntime,
-                   enabledOps.contains(.captureScreen) {
-                    selected = .remote(socketPath: socketPath, handshake: report)
+                   let runtimeCandidate = runtimeCandidateByPath[candidatePath] {
+                    let validation = await RuntimeHostResolver.validateRemoteCandidate(
+                        runtimeCandidate,
+                        handshake: handshake,
+                        options: effectiveOptions
+                    )
+                    if validation != nil {
+                        selected = .remote(socketPath: socketPath, handshake: report)
+                    }
                 }
             } catch let envelope as PeekabooBridgeErrorEnvelope {
                 self.logger.debug(
@@ -115,44 +110,89 @@ struct BridgeDiagnostics {
         )
     }
 
+    static func remoteSkipReason(
+        runtimeOptions: CommandRuntimeOptions,
+        environment: [String: String],
+        configurationInput: PeekabooAutomation.Configuration.InputConfig?
+    ) -> String? {
+        let decision = RuntimeHostResolver.initialRoutingDecision(
+            options: runtimeOptions,
+            environment: environment,
+            configurationInput: configurationInput,
+            knownSnapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths: []
+        )
+        guard case .local = decision else { return nil }
+
+        if environment["PEEKABOO_NO_REMOTE"] != nil {
+            return "PEEKABOO_NO_REMOTE"
+        }
+        if runtimeOptions.remoteIsolationRequested {
+            return "--no-remote"
+        }
+        if RuntimeHostResolver.inputPolicyRequiresLocal(
+            options: runtimeOptions,
+            environment: environment,
+            configurationInput: configurationInput
+        ) {
+            return "input strategy policy"
+        }
+        return "local runtime policy"
+    }
+
     static func runtimeCandidateSocketPaths(
         runtimeOptions: CommandRuntimeOptions,
-        environment: [String: String]
+        environment: [String: String],
+        historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths: [String] = []
     ) -> [String] {
         if let explicitPath = BridgeSocketResolver.explicitBridgeSocket(
             options: runtimeOptions,
             environment: environment
         ) {
-            return [NSString(string: explicitPath).expandingTildeInPath]
+            return [explicitPath]
         }
 
-        let daemonPath = NSString(
-            string: DaemonLaunchPolicy.daemonSocketPath(environment: environment)
-        ).expandingTildeInPath
-        guard DaemonLaunchPolicy.shouldMigrateLegacyDaemon(targetSocketPath: daemonPath) else {
-            return [daemonPath]
-        }
-        let legacyPath = NSString(string: PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath).expandingTildeInPath
-        return [daemonPath, legacyPath]
+        let daemonPath = DaemonLaunchPolicy.daemonSocketPath(environment: environment)
+        let buildScopedPath = DaemonLaunchPolicy.buildScopedDaemonSocketPath(
+            daemonSocketPath: daemonPath,
+            runtimeBuildIdentity: DaemonLaunchPolicy.runtimeBuildIdentity()
+        )
+        return RuntimeHostResolver.implicitRemoteCandidates(
+            options: runtimeOptions,
+            daemonSocketPath: daemonPath,
+            buildScopedDaemonSocketPath: buildScopedPath,
+            historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths: historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths
+        ).map(\.socketPath)
     }
 
     static func diagnosticSocketPaths(
         runtimeOptions: CommandRuntimeOptions,
-        environment: [String: String]
+        environment: [String: String],
+        historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths: [String] = []
     ) -> [String] {
         let runtimePaths = self.runtimeCandidateSocketPaths(
             runtimeOptions: runtimeOptions,
-            environment: environment
+            environment: environment,
+            historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths: historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths
         )
-        if BridgeSocketResolver.explicitBridgeSocket(options: runtimeOptions, environment: environment) != nil {
-            return runtimePaths
-        }
+        return self.diagnosticSocketPaths(
+            runtimeCandidateSocketPaths: runtimePaths,
+            hasExplicitSocket: BridgeSocketResolver.explicitBridgeSocket(
+                options: runtimeOptions,
+                environment: environment
+            ) != nil
+        )
+    }
 
+    private static func diagnosticSocketPaths(
+        runtimeCandidateSocketPaths runtimePaths: [String],
+        hasExplicitSocket: Bool
+    ) -> [String] {
+        if hasExplicitSocket { return runtimePaths }
         let additionalPaths = [
             PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath,
             PeekabooBridgeConstants.claudeSocketPath,
             PeekabooBridgeConstants.clawdbotSocketPath,
-        ].map { NSString(string: $0).expandingTildeInPath }
+        ]
         return runtimePaths + additionalPaths.filter { !runtimePaths.contains($0) }
     }
 

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Core/CaptureCommand+Action.swift

@@ -74,6 +74,10 @@ RuntimeOptionsConfigurable {
         self.resolvedRuntime.services
     }
 
+    func withCaptureFocusMutation(_ operation: () async throws -> Void) async rethrows {
+        try await self.resolvedRuntime.withCaptureFocusMutation(operation)
+    }
+
     var jsonOutput: Bool {
         self.resolvedRuntime.configuration.jsonOutput
     }
@@ -92,16 +96,16 @@ RuntimeOptionsConfigurable {
                 throw ValidationError("Pass the action command after --")
             }
 
-            let scope = try await self.resolveScope()
-            let options = try self.buildOptions()
-            let timing = try self.resolveActionTiming(durationLimit: options.duration)
+            let scope = try await resolveScope()
+            let options = try buildOptions()
+            let timing = try resolveActionTiming(durationLimit: options.duration)
             if scope.kind == .window, let identifier = scope.applicationIdentifier {
-                try await self.focusIfNeeded(appIdentifier: identifier)
+                try await focusIfNeeded(appIdentifier: identifier)
             }
 
-            let outputDir = try self.resolveOutputDirectory()
+            let outputDir = try resolveOutputDirectory()
             let deps = WatchCaptureDependencies(
-                screenCapture: self.services.screenCapture,
+                screenCapture: services.screenCapture,
                 screenService: self.services.screens,
                 frameSource: nil
             )
@@ -109,7 +113,7 @@ RuntimeOptionsConfigurable {
                 scope: scope,
                 options: options,
                 outputRoot: outputDir,
-                autoclean: WatchAutocleanConfig(minutes: self.autocleanMinutes ?? 120, managed: self.path == nil),
+                autoclean: WatchAutocleanConfig(minutes: autocleanMinutes ?? 120, managed: path == nil),
                 sourceKind: .live,
                 videoIn: nil,
                 videoOut: CaptureCommandPathResolver.filePath(from: self.videoOut),
@@ -125,6 +129,7 @@ RuntimeOptionsConfigurable {
                 ) != nil {
                     throw ValidationError("Capture ended before action started")
                 }
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 let action = try await CaptureActionProcessRunner.run(
                     command: self.command,
                     timeoutSeconds: timing.actionTimeout
@@ -133,7 +138,7 @@ RuntimeOptionsConfigurable {
                 session.requestStop()
 
                 let capture = try await captureTask.value
-                let validation = self.validateArtifacts(capture)
+                let validation = validateArtifacts(capture)
                 let result = CaptureActionCommandResult(
                     success: action.succeeded && validation.ok,
                     action: action,
@@ -158,7 +163,7 @@ RuntimeOptionsConfigurable {
         } catch let exit as ExitCode {
             throw exit
         } catch {
-            self.handleError(error)
+            handleError(error)
             self.logger.operationComplete(
                 "capture_action",
                 success: false,
@@ -175,9 +180,9 @@ RuntimeOptionsConfigurable {
         let runSession: @MainActor @Sendable () async throws -> CaptureSessionResult = {
             try await session.run()
         }
-        let enginePreference = self.liveCaptureEnginePreference(for: scope)
+        let enginePreference = liveCaptureEnginePreference(for: scope)
         return Task { @MainActor in
-            if let engineAware = self.services.screenCapture as? any EngineAwareScreenCaptureServiceProtocol {
+            if let engineAware = services.screenCapture as? any EngineAwareScreenCaptureServiceProtocol {
                 try await engineAware.withCaptureEngine(enginePreference, operation: runSession)
             } else {
                 try await runSession()
@@ -220,17 +225,17 @@ RuntimeOptionsConfigurable {
     }
 
     private func buildOptions() throws -> CaptureOptions {
-        let duration = max(1, min(self.durationLimit ?? 60, 180))
-        let idle = min(max(self.idleFps ?? 2, 0.1), 5)
-        let active = min(max(self.activeFps ?? 8, 0.5), 15)
-        let threshold = min(max(self.threshold ?? 2.5, 0), 100)
-        let heartbeat = max(self.heartbeatSec ?? 5, 0)
-        let quiet = max(self.quietMs ?? 1000, 0)
-        let maxFrames = max(self.maxFrames ?? 800, 1)
-        let resolutionCap = self.resolutionCap ?? 1440
-        let diffStrategy = try CaptureCommandOptionParser.diffStrategy(self.diffStrategy)
-        let diffBudgetMs = self.diffBudgetMs ?? (diffStrategy == .quality ? 30 : nil)
-        let maxMb = self.maxMb.flatMap { $0 > 0 ? $0 : nil }
+        let duration = max(1, min(durationLimit ?? 60, 180))
+        let idle = min(max(idleFps ?? 2, 0.1), 5)
+        let active = min(max(activeFps ?? 8, 0.5), 15)
+        let threshold = min(max(threshold ?? 2.5, 0), 100)
+        let heartbeat = max(heartbeatSec ?? 5, 0)
+        let quiet = max(quietMs ?? 1000, 0)
+        let maxFrames = max(maxFrames ?? 800, 1)
+        let resolutionCap = resolutionCap ?? 1440
+        let diffStrategy = try CaptureCommandOptionParser.diffStrategy(diffStrategy)
+        let diffBudgetMs = diffBudgetMs ?? (diffStrategy == .quality ? 30 : nil)
+        let maxMb = maxMb.flatMap { $0 > 0 ? $0 : nil }
 
         return CaptureOptions(
             duration: duration,
@@ -250,14 +255,14 @@ RuntimeOptionsConfigurable {
     }
 
     private func resolveActionTiming(durationLimit: TimeInterval) throws -> CaptureActionTiming {
-        let preRoll = max(self.preRollMs ?? 250, 0)
-        let postRoll = max(self.postRollMs ?? 500, 0)
+        let preRoll = max(preRollMs ?? 250, 0)
+        let postRoll = max(postRollMs ?? 500, 0)
         let rollSeconds = Double(preRoll + postRoll) / 1000.0
         guard rollSeconds < durationLimit else {
             throw ValidationError("--pre-roll-ms + --post-roll-ms must be less than --duration-limit")
         }
         let defaultActionTimeout = max(0.1, durationLimit - rollSeconds)
-        let actionTimeout = max(0.1, min(self.actionTimeout ?? defaultActionTimeout, durationLimit - rollSeconds))
+        let actionTimeout = max(0.1, min(actionTimeout ?? defaultActionTimeout, durationLimit - rollSeconds))
         return CaptureActionTiming(
             preRollMs: preRoll,
             postRollMs: postRoll,
@@ -371,7 +376,7 @@ extension CaptureActionCommand {
         checked.append(contentsOf: result.frames.map(\.path))
         if let videoOut = result.videoOut {
             checked.append(videoOut)
-        } else if let expectedVideoOut = CaptureCommandPathResolver.filePath(from: self.videoOut) {
+        } else if let expectedVideoOut = CaptureCommandPathResolver.filePath(from: videoOut) {
             checked.append(expectedVideoOut)
         }
 
@@ -400,10 +405,10 @@ extension CaptureActionCommand {
 @MainActor
 extension CaptureActionCommand {
     func resolveScope() async throws -> CaptureScope {
-        let mode = try self.resolveMode()
+        let mode = try resolveMode()
         switch mode {
         case .screen:
-            let displayInfo = try await self.displayInfo(for: self.screenIndex)
+            let displayInfo = try await displayInfo(for: screenIndex)
             return CaptureScope(
                 kind: .screen,
                 screenIndex: displayInfo?.index,
@@ -416,8 +421,8 @@ extension CaptureActionCommand {
         case .frontmost:
             return CaptureScope(kind: .frontmost)
         case .window:
-            let identifier = try self.resolveApplicationIdentifier()
-            let windowReference = try await self.resolveWindowReference(for: identifier)
+            let identifier = try resolveApplicationIdentifier()
+            let windowReference = try await resolveWindowReference(for: identifier)
             return CaptureScope(
                 kind: .window,
                 screenIndex: nil,
@@ -428,7 +433,7 @@ extension CaptureActionCommand {
                 region: nil
             )
         case .area:
-            let rect = try self.parseRegion()
+            let rect = try parseRegion()
             return CaptureScope(kind: .region, region: rect)
         case .multi:
             throw ValidationError("capture action does not support multi-mode captures")
@@ -436,7 +441,7 @@ extension CaptureActionCommand {
     }
 
     func resolveMode() throws -> LiveCaptureMode {
-        if let explicit = self.mode {
+        if let explicit = mode {
             let normalized = explicit.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased()
             if normalized == "region" { return .area }
             guard let mode = LiveCaptureMode(rawValue: normalized) else {
@@ -452,7 +457,7 @@ extension CaptureActionCommand {
     }
 
     func parseRegion() throws -> CGRect {
-        guard let region = self.region?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
+        guard let region = region?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
               !region.isEmpty
         else {
             throw PeekabooError.invalidInput("Region must be provided when --mode area is set")
@@ -486,12 +491,14 @@ extension CaptureActionCommand {
                 spaceSwitch: false,
                 bringToCurrentSpace: false
             )
-            try await ensureFocused(
-                applicationName: appIdentifier,
-                windowTitle: self.windowTitle,
-                options: options,
-                services: self.services
-            )
+            try await withCaptureFocusMutation {
+                try await ensureFocused(
+                    applicationName: appIdentifier,
+                    windowTitle: self.windowTitle,
+                    options: options,
+                    services: self.services
+                )
+            }
         case .foreground:
             let options = FocusOptions(
                 autoFocus: true,
@@ -500,17 +507,19 @@ extension CaptureActionCommand {
                 spaceSwitch: true,
                 bringToCurrentSpace: true
             )
-            try await ensureFocused(
-                applicationName: appIdentifier,
-                windowTitle: self.windowTitle,
-                options: options,
-                services: self.services
-            )
+            try await withCaptureFocusMutation {
+                try await ensureFocused(
+                    applicationName: appIdentifier,
+                    windowTitle: self.windowTitle,
+                    options: options,
+                    services: self.services
+                )
+            }
         }
     }
 
     private func liveCaptureEnginePreference(for scope: CaptureScope) -> CaptureEnginePreference {
-        let value = (self.captureEngine ?? self.resolvedRuntime.configuration.captureEnginePreference)?
+        let value = (captureEngine ?? self.resolvedRuntime.configuration.captureEnginePreference)?
             .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
             .lowercased()
 
@@ -544,11 +553,11 @@ extension CaptureActionCommand {
         )
         let renderable = ObservationTargetResolver.captureCandidates(from: windows)
 
-        let selectedWindow: ServiceWindowInfo? = if let title = self.windowTitle?
+        let selectedWindow: ServiceWindowInfo? = if let title = windowTitle?
             .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
             !title.isEmpty {
             renderable.first { $0.title.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains(title) }
-        } else if let explicitIndex = self.windowIndex {
+        } else if let explicitIndex = windowIndex {
             renderable.first { $0.index == explicitIndex }
         } else {
             nil

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Core/CaptureCommand+Live.swift

@@ -69,6 +69,10 @@ struct CaptureLiveCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFo
         self.resolvedRuntime.services
     }
 
+    func withCaptureFocusMutation(_ operation: () async throws -> Void) async rethrows {
+        try await self.resolvedRuntime.withCaptureFocusMutation(operation)
+    }
+
     var jsonOutput: Bool {
         self.resolvedRuntime.configuration.jsonOutput
     }
@@ -86,14 +90,14 @@ struct CaptureLiveCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFo
             // The capture service performs the authoritative permission check inside
             // the serialized capture transaction; an extra CLI-side SCK probe can race
             // with concurrent screenshot commands and report transient TCC denial.
-            let scope = try await self.resolveScope()
-            let options = try self.buildOptions()
+            let scope = try await resolveScope()
+            let options = try buildOptions()
             if scope.kind == .window, let identifier = scope.applicationIdentifier {
-                try await self.focusIfNeeded(appIdentifier: identifier)
+                try await focusIfNeeded(appIdentifier: identifier)
             }
-            let outputDir = try self.resolveOutputDirectory()
+            let outputDir = try resolveOutputDirectory()
             let deps = WatchCaptureDependencies(
-                screenCapture: self.services.screenCapture,
+                screenCapture: services.screenCapture,
                 screenService: self.services.screens,
                 frameSource: nil
             )
@@ -101,7 +105,7 @@ struct CaptureLiveCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFo
                 scope: scope,
                 options: options,
                 outputRoot: outputDir,
-                autoclean: WatchAutocleanConfig(minutes: self.autocleanMinutes ?? 120, managed: self.path == nil),
+                autoclean: WatchAutocleanConfig(minutes: autocleanMinutes ?? 120, managed: path == nil),
                 sourceKind: .live,
                 videoIn: nil,
                 videoOut: CaptureCommandPathResolver.filePath(from: self.videoOut),
@@ -111,21 +115,21 @@ struct CaptureLiveCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFo
             let runSession: @MainActor @Sendable () async throws -> CaptureSessionResult = {
                 try await session.run()
             }
-            let enginePreference = self.liveCaptureEnginePreference(for: scope)
-            let result: CaptureSessionResult = if let engineAware = self.services.screenCapture
+            let enginePreference = liveCaptureEnginePreference(for: scope)
+            let result: CaptureSessionResult = if let engineAware = services.screenCapture
                 as? any EngineAwareScreenCaptureServiceProtocol {
                 try await engineAware.withCaptureEngine(enginePreference, operation: runSession)
             } else {
                 try await runSession()
             }
-            self.output(result)
+            output(result)
             self.logger.operationComplete(
                 "capture_live",
                 success: true,
                 metadata: ["frames_kept": result.stats.framesKept]
             )
         } catch {
-            self.handleError(error)
+            handleError(error)
             self.logger.operationComplete(
                 "capture_live",
                 success: false,
@@ -138,7 +142,7 @@ struct CaptureLiveCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFo
 
 extension CaptureLiveCommand {
     private func liveCaptureEnginePreference(for scope: CaptureScope) -> CaptureEnginePreference {
-        let value = (self.captureEngine ?? self.resolvedRuntime.configuration.captureEnginePreference)?
+        let value = (captureEngine ?? self.resolvedRuntime.configuration.captureEnginePreference)?
             .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
             .lowercased()
 

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Core/CaptureCommand+LiveFocus.swift

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import PeekabooCore
 @MainActor
 extension CaptureLiveCommand {
     func focusIfNeeded(appIdentifier: String) async throws {
-        switch self.captureFocus {
+        switch captureFocus {
         case .background: return
         case .auto:
             let options = FocusOptions(
@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@ extension CaptureLiveCommand {
                 spaceSwitch: false,
                 bringToCurrentSpace: false
             )
-            try await ensureFocused(
-                applicationName: appIdentifier,
-                windowTitle: self.windowTitle,
-                options: options,
-                services: self.services
-            )
+            try await withCaptureFocusMutation {
+                try await ensureFocused(
+                    applicationName: appIdentifier,
+                    windowTitle: self.windowTitle,
+                    options: options,
+                    services: self.services
+                )
+            }
         case .foreground:
             let options = FocusOptions(
                 autoFocus: true,
@@ -27,12 +29,14 @@ extension CaptureLiveCommand {
                 spaceSwitch: true,
                 bringToCurrentSpace: true
             )
-            try await ensureFocused(
-                applicationName: appIdentifier,
-                windowTitle: self.windowTitle,
-                options: options,
-                services: self.services
-            )
+            try await withCaptureFocusMutation {
+                try await ensureFocused(
+                    applicationName: appIdentifier,
+                    windowTitle: self.windowTitle,
+                    options: options,
+                    services: self.services
+                )
+            }
         }
     }
 }

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Core/ImageCommand+Focus.swift

@@ -4,43 +4,51 @@ import PeekabooCore
 @MainActor
 extension ImageCommand {
     func focusIfNeeded(appIdentifier: String) async throws {
-        switch self.captureFocus {
+        switch captureFocus {
         case .background:
             return
         case .auto:
-            if await self.hasVisibleCaptureWindow(appIdentifier: appIdentifier) {
+            if try await self.hasVisibleCaptureWindow(appIdentifier: appIdentifier) {
                 return
             }
-            if self.windowTitle == nil, await self.isAlreadyFrontmost(appIdentifier: appIdentifier) {
+            if windowTitle == nil, try await self.isAlreadyFrontmost(appIdentifier: appIdentifier) {
                 return
             }
-            let focusIdentifier = await self.resolveFocusIdentifier(appIdentifier: appIdentifier)
+            let focusIdentifier = try await resolveFocusIdentifier(appIdentifier: appIdentifier)
             let options = FocusOptions(autoFocus: true, spaceSwitch: false, bringToCurrentSpace: false)
-            try await ensureFocused(
-                applicationName: focusIdentifier,
-                windowTitle: self.windowTitle,
-                options: options,
-                services: self.services
-            )
+            try await withCaptureFocusMutation {
+                try await ensureFocused(
+                    applicationName: focusIdentifier,
+                    windowTitle: self.windowTitle,
+                    options: options,
+                    services: self.services
+                )
+            }
         case .foreground:
-            let focusIdentifier = await self.resolveFocusIdentifier(appIdentifier: appIdentifier)
+            let focusIdentifier = try await resolveFocusIdentifier(appIdentifier: appIdentifier)
             let options = FocusOptions(autoFocus: true, spaceSwitch: true, bringToCurrentSpace: true)
-            try await ensureFocused(
-                applicationName: focusIdentifier,
-                windowTitle: self.windowTitle,
-                options: options,
-                services: self.services
-            )
+            try await withCaptureFocusMutation {
+                try await ensureFocused(
+                    applicationName: focusIdentifier,
+                    windowTitle: self.windowTitle,
+                    options: options,
+                    services: self.services
+                )
+            }
         }
     }
 
-    private func hasVisibleCaptureWindow(appIdentifier: String) async -> Bool {
-        guard let app = try? await self.services.applications.findApplication(identifier: appIdentifier) else {
+    private func hasVisibleCaptureWindow(appIdentifier: String) async throws -> Bool {
+        guard let app = try await FocusFailurePolicy.optional({
+            try await services.applications.findApplication(identifier: appIdentifier)
+        }) else {
             return false
         }
 
         let lookupIdentifier = app.bundleIdentifier ?? app.name
-        guard let response = try? await self.services.applications.listWindows(for: lookupIdentifier, timeout: 1) else {
+        guard let response = try await FocusFailurePolicy.optional({
+            try await services.applications.listWindows(for: lookupIdentifier, timeout: 1)
+        }) else {
             return false
         }
 
@@ -51,7 +59,7 @@ extension ImageCommand {
             return false
         }
 
-        guard let windowTitle = self.windowTitle?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
+        guard let windowTitle = windowTitle?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
               !windowTitle.isEmpty
         else {
             return true
@@ -62,9 +70,13 @@ extension ImageCommand {
         }
     }
 
-    private func isAlreadyFrontmost(appIdentifier: String) async -> Bool {
-        guard let frontmost = try? await self.services.applications.getFrontmostApplication(),
-              let target = try? await self.services.applications.findApplication(identifier: appIdentifier)
+    private func isAlreadyFrontmost(appIdentifier: String) async throws -> Bool {
+        guard let frontmost = try await FocusFailurePolicy.optional({
+            try await services.applications.getFrontmostApplication()
+        }),
+            let target = try await FocusFailurePolicy.optional({
+                try await services.applications.findApplication(identifier: appIdentifier)
+            })
         else {
             return false
         }
@@ -72,8 +84,10 @@ extension ImageCommand {
         return frontmost.processIdentifier == target.processIdentifier
     }
 
-    private func resolveFocusIdentifier(appIdentifier: String) async -> String {
-        guard let app = try? await self.services.applications.findApplication(identifier: appIdentifier) else {
+    private func resolveFocusIdentifier(appIdentifier: String) async throws -> String {
+        guard let app = try await FocusFailurePolicy.optional({
+            try await services.applications.findApplication(identifier: appIdentifier)
+        }) else {
             return appIdentifier
         }
         return "PID:\(app.processIdentifier)"

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Core/ImageCommand.swift

@@ -78,6 +78,10 @@ struct ImageCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormatta
         self.resolvedRuntime.services
     }
 
+    func withCaptureFocusMutation(_ operation: () async throws -> Void) async rethrows {
+        try await self.resolvedRuntime.withCaptureFocusMutation(operation)
+    }
+
     var jsonOutput: Bool {
         self.runtime?.configuration.jsonOutput ?? self.runtimeOptions.jsonOutput
     }
@@ -95,7 +99,7 @@ struct ImageCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormatta
         self.runtime = runtime
         self.logger.setJsonOutputMode(self.jsonOutput)
         let startMetadata: [String: Any] = [
-            "mode": self.mode?.rawValue ?? "auto",
+            "mode": mode?.rawValue ?? "auto",
             "app": self.app ?? "none",
             "pid": self.pid ?? 0,
             "hasAnalyzePrompt": self.analyze != nil
@@ -103,28 +107,28 @@ struct ImageCommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormatta
         self.logger.operationStart("image_command", metadata: startMetadata)
 
         do {
-            try self.validateStdoutStreamingOptions()
+            try validateStdoutStreamingOptions()
 
             // ScreenCaptureService performs the authoritative permission check inside each capture path.
             // Avoid preflighting here too; it adds fixed latency to every one-shot screenshot.
             let captures = try await CrossProcessOperationGate.withExclusiveOperation(
                 named: CrossProcessOperationGate.desktopObservationName
             ) {
-                try await self.performCapture()
+                try await performCapture()
             }
 
-            if self.streamsImageToStdout {
-                try self.outputImageToStdout(captures)
-            } else if let prompt = self.analyze, let firstFile = captures.first?.file {
-                let analysis = try await self.analyzeImage(at: firstFile.path, with: prompt)
-                self.outputResultsWithAnalysis(captures, analysis: analysis)
+            if streamsImageToStdout {
+                try outputImageToStdout(captures)
+            } else if let prompt = analyze, let firstFile = captures.first?.file {
+                let analysis = try await analyzeImage(at: firstFile.path, with: prompt)
+                outputResultsWithAnalysis(captures, analysis: analysis)
             } else {
-                self.outputResults(captures)
+                outputResults(captures)
             }
 
             self.logger.operationComplete("image_command", success: true)
         } catch {
-            self.handleError(error)
+            handleError(error)
             self.logger.operationComplete(
                 "image_command",
                 success: false,
@@ -155,7 +159,7 @@ extension ImageCommand: CommanderBindableCommand {
     mutating func applyCommanderValues(_ values: CommanderBindableValues) throws {
         self.app = values.singleOption("app")
         self.pid = try values.decodeOption("pid", as: Int32.self)
-        self.path = values.singleOption("path")
+        path = values.singleOption("path")
         if let parsedMode: CaptureMode = try values.decodeOptionEnum("mode") {
             self.mode = parsedMode
         }
@@ -169,7 +173,7 @@ extension ImageCommand: CommanderBindableCommand {
         if let parsedFormat {
             self.format = parsedFormat
         }
-        if let path = self.path?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
+        if let path = path?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
            !path.isEmpty {
             let expanded = (path as NSString).expandingTildeInPath
             let ext = URL(fileURLWithPath: expanded).pathExtension.lowercased()

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Core/ListCommand+Apps.swift

@@ -37,8 +37,7 @@ extension ListCommand {
             self.logger.setJsonOutputMode(self.jsonOutput)
 
             do {
-                try await requireScreenRecordingPermission(services: self.services)
-                let output = try await self.services.applications.listApplications()
+                let output = try await services.applications.listApplications()
 
                 if self.jsonOutput {
                     outputSuccessCodable(data: output.data, logger: self.outputLogger)
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ extension ListCommand {
                     print(CLIFormatter.format(output))
                 }
             } catch {
-                self.handleError(error)
+                handleError(error)
                 throw ExitCode(1)
             }
         }

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Core/PermissionsCommand.swift

@@ -163,7 +163,9 @@ extension PermissionsCommand {
         @MainActor
         mutating func run(using runtime: CommandRuntime) async throws {
             self.runtime = runtime
-            let granted = runtime.services.permissions.requestScreenRecordingPermission(interactive: true)
+            let granted = await PermissionHelpers.performInteractivePermissionRequest(using: runtime) {
+                runtime.services.permissions.requestScreenRecordingPermission(interactive: true)
+            }
             let result = Result(action: "request-screen-recording", granted: granted)
 
             if self.jsonOutput {
@@ -208,7 +210,10 @@ extension PermissionsCommand {
         mutating func run(using runtime: CommandRuntime) async throws {
             self.runtime = runtime
             do {
-                let result = try await PermissionHelpers.requestEventSynthesizingPermission(services: runtime.services)
+                let result = try await PermissionHelpers.requestEventSynthesizingPermission(
+                    services: runtime.services,
+                    runtime: runtime
+                )
                 self.render(result)
             } catch {
                 self.handleError(error)

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Interaction/ClickCommand+CommanderMetadata.swift

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ extension ClickCommand: CommanderSignatureProviding {
                 ),
                 .commandOption(
                     "on",
-                    help: "Element ID to click (e.g., B1, T2)",
+                    help: "Opaque element ID copied from current see or inspect-ui output",
                     long: "on"
                 ),
                 .commandOption(

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Interaction/ClickCommand+Validation.swift

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ extension ClickCommand {
 
         💡 Hints:
           • Run 'peekaboo see' first to capture UI elements
-          • Check that the element ID is correct (e.g., B1, T2)
+          • Copy the opaque element ID exactly from current see or inspect-ui output
           • Element may have disappeared or changed
         """
     }

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Interaction/ClickCommand.swift

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
     @Option(help: "Snapshot ID, or 'latest' (uses latest if not specified)")
     var snapshot: String?
 
-    @Option(help: "Element ID to click (e.g., B1, T2)")
+    @Option(help: "Opaque element ID copied from current see or inspect-ui output")
     var on: String?
 
     @Option(name: .customLong("id"), help: "Element ID to click (alias for --on)")
@@ -89,14 +89,14 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
         let startTime = Date()
 
         do {
-            try self.validate()
+            try validate()
 
             // Determine click target first to check if we need a snapshot
             let clickTarget: ClickTarget
             let waitResult: WaitForElementResult
             var activeSnapshotId: String
-            var observationForInvalidation: InteractionObservationContext?
             var coordinateResolution: InteractionCoordinateResolution?
+            var explicitWindowResolution: InteractionWindowResolution?
 
             // Check if we're clicking by coordinates (doesn't need snapshot)
             if let coordString = coords {
@@ -114,6 +114,9 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
                 clickTarget = .coordinates(resolvedCoordinates.screenPoint)
                 waitResult = WaitForElementResult(found: true, element: nil, waitTime: 0)
                 activeSnapshotId = "" // Not needed for coordinate clicks
+                if !self.usesBackgroundDelivery {
+                    self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+                }
                 try await self.focusApplicationIfNeeded(
                     snapshotId: nil,
                     coordinateResolution: resolvedCoordinates
@@ -124,7 +127,7 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
                 // so if the target window is not frontmost, the click will land on
                 // whatever window is at that position (see #90).
                 if !self.usesBackgroundDelivery {
-                    try await self.verifyFocusForCoordinateClick(coordinateResolution: resolvedCoordinates)
+                    try await verifyFocusForCoordinateClick(coordinateResolution: resolvedCoordinates)
                 }
 
             } else {
@@ -137,6 +140,12 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
                 )
                 try await observation.validateIfExplicit(using: self.services.snapshots)
 
+                explicitWindowResolution = try await self.resolveExplicitWindowSelection(
+                    observation: observation
+                )
+                if !self.usesBackgroundDelivery {
+                    self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+                }
                 try await self.focusApplicationIfNeeded(snapshotId: observation.focusSnapshotId(for: self.target))
 
                 // Use whichever element ID parameter was provided
@@ -144,20 +153,23 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
 
                 if let elementId {
                     if !self.usesBackgroundDelivery {
+                        let refreshRuntime = self.resolvedRuntime
                         observation = try await InteractionObservationRefresher.refreshForMissingElementsIfNeeded(
                             observation,
                             elementIds: [elementId],
                             target: self.target,
                             services: self.services,
-                            logger: self.logger
+                            logger: self.logger,
+                            beforeRefresh: { startedAt in
+                                refreshRuntime.beginInteractionMutation(at: startedAt)
+                            }
                         )
                     }
-                    observationForInvalidation = observation
                     activeSnapshotId = observation.snapshotId ?? ""
 
                     clickTarget = .elementId(elementId)
                     if self.usesBackgroundDelivery {
-                        let element = try await self.cachedElementById(elementId, observation: observation)
+                        let element = try await cachedElementById(elementId, observation: observation)
                         waitResult = WaitForElementResult(found: true, element: element, waitTime: 0)
                     } else {
                         // Click by element ID with auto-wait
@@ -177,11 +189,10 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
                     if !self.usesBackgroundDelivery {
                         observation = try await self.refreshObservationIfQueryMissing(observation, query: searchQuery)
                     }
-                    observationForInvalidation = observation
                     activeSnapshotId = observation.snapshotId ?? ""
 
                     if self.usesBackgroundDelivery {
-                        let element = try await self.cachedElementMatching(searchQuery, observation: observation)
+                        let element = try await cachedElementMatching(searchQuery, observation: observation)
                         clickTarget = .elementId(element.id)
                         waitResult = WaitForElementResult(found: true, element: element, waitTime: 0)
                     } else {
@@ -209,24 +220,50 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
                 }
             }
 
+            let backgroundProcessIdentifier: pid_t? = if self.usesBackgroundDelivery {
+                try await self.resolveBackgroundClickProcessIdentifier(
+                    snapshotId: activeSnapshotId.isEmpty ? nil : activeSnapshotId,
+                    coordinateResolution: coordinateResolution,
+                    explicitWindowResolution: explicitWindowResolution
+                )
+            } else {
+                nil
+            }
+
             // Determine click type
             let clickType: ClickType = self.right ? .right : (self.double ? .double : .single)
+            self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
             try await self.performClick(
                 clickTarget,
                 clickType: clickType,
                 snapshotId: activeSnapshotId,
-                coordinateResolution: coordinateResolution
+                coordinateResolution: coordinateResolution,
+                explicitWindowResolution: explicitWindowResolution,
+                backgroundProcessIdentifier: backgroundProcessIdentifier
             )
 
             // Brief delay to ensure click is processed
-            try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 20_000_000) // 0.02 seconds
+            try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 20_000_000) // 0.02 seconds
+            // Result formatting can await bridge lookups. Freeze the mutation boundary first so
+            // observations created after the click remain eligible as the next implicit latest.
+            let snapshotInvalidationCutoff = Date()
 
-            let appName = await self.resultApplicationName(
+            // The click already happened. Advance every host watermark before diagnostics that can
+            // fail if the action closed, moved, or resized its target window.
+            await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterClickMutation(
+                targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
+                logger: self.logger,
+                reason: "click",
+                through: snapshotInvalidationCutoff
+            )
+            try Task.checkCancellation()
+
+            let appName = await resultApplicationName(
                 snapshotId: activeSnapshotId,
                 coordinateResolution: coordinateResolution
             )
 
-            let details = try await self.clickOutputDetails(
+            let details = try await clickOutputDetails(
                 clickTarget: clickTarget,
                 waitResult: waitResult,
                 snapshotId: activeSnapshotId,
@@ -241,8 +278,9 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
                 waitTime: waitResult.waitTime,
                 executionTime: Date().timeIntervalSince(startTime),
                 targetApp: appName,
-                targetWindowId: coordinateResolution?.targetWindowID,
-                targetWindowTitle: coordinateResolution?.targetWindowTitle,
+                targetWindowId: explicitWindowResolution?.windowInfo.windowID ?? coordinateResolution?.targetWindowID,
+                targetWindowTitle: explicitWindowResolution?.windowInfo.title ?? coordinateResolution?
+                    .targetWindowTitle,
                 coordinateSpace: coordinateResolution?.coordinateSpace.rawValue,
                 inputCoordinates: coordinateResolution?.inputPoint,
                 screenCoordinates: coordinateResolution?.screenPoint,
@@ -250,19 +288,10 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
                 deliveryMode: self.deliveryMode.rawValue
             )
 
-            if let observationForInvalidation {
-                await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
-                    observationForInvalidation,
-                    snapshots: self.services.snapshots,
-                    logger: self.logger,
-                    reason: "click"
-                )
-            }
-
             self.outputSuccess(result)
 
         } catch {
-            self.handleError(error)
+            handleError(error)
             throw ExitCode.failure
         }
     }
@@ -279,13 +308,11 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
             guard let element = waitResult.element else {
                 return (.zero, "Element ID: \(id)", nil)
             }
-            let resolution = try await InteractionTargetPointResolver.elementCenterResolution(
+            return try await self.elementOutputDetails(
                 element: element,
                 elementId: id,
-                snapshotId: snapshotId.isEmpty ? nil : snapshotId,
-                snapshots: self.services.snapshots
+                snapshotId: snapshotId
             )
-            return (resolution.point, self.formatElementInfo(element), resolution.diagnostics)
 
         case let .coordinates(point):
             let diagnostics = if let coordinateResolution {
@@ -307,13 +334,44 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
             guard let element = waitResult.element else {
                 return (.zero, "Element matching: \(query)", nil)
             }
-            let resolution = try await InteractionTargetPointResolver.elementCenterResolution(
+            return try await self.elementOutputDetails(
                 element: element,
                 elementId: element.id,
-                snapshotId: snapshotId.isEmpty ? nil : snapshotId,
+                snapshotId: snapshotId
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func elementOutputDetails(
+        element: DetectedElement,
+        elementId: String,
+        snapshotId: String
+    ) async throws
+    -> (location: CGPoint, clickedElement: String?, targetPointDiagnostics: InteractionTargetPointDiagnostics?) {
+        let resolvedSnapshotId = snapshotId.isEmpty ? nil : snapshotId
+        do {
+            let resolution = try await InteractionTargetPointResolver.elementCenterResolution(
+                element: element,
+                elementId: elementId,
+                snapshotId: resolvedSnapshotId,
                 snapshots: self.services.snapshots
             )
-            return (resolution.point, self.formatElementInfo(element), resolution.diagnostics)
+            return (resolution.point, formatElementInfo(element), resolution.diagnostics)
+        } catch let error as CancellationError {
+            throw error
+        } catch {
+            // The click already succeeded; its target may have closed or moved before result formatting.
+            self.logger.debug("Post-click target diagnostics unavailable: \(error.localizedDescription)")
+            let point = CGPoint(x: element.bounds.midX, y: element.bounds.midY)
+            let diagnostics = InteractionTargetPointDiagnostics(
+                source: InteractionTargetPointSource.element.rawValue,
+                elementId: elementId,
+                snapshotId: resolvedSnapshotId,
+                original: InteractionPoint(point),
+                resolved: InteractionPoint(point),
+                windowAdjustment: nil
+            )
+            return (point, formatElementInfo(element), diagnostics)
         }
     }
 
@@ -329,7 +387,7 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
             return targetApplicationName
         }
         if let processIdentifier = coordinateResolution?.targetProcessIdentifier {
-            return await self.applicationName(processIdentifier: processIdentifier) ?? "PID \(processIdentifier)"
+            return await applicationName(processIdentifier: processIdentifier) ?? "PID \(processIdentifier)"
         }
         if let windowID = coordinateResolution?.targetWindowID {
             return "window \(windowID)"
@@ -339,25 +397,25 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
             return await self.frontmostApplicationName()
         }
 
-        if let pid = self.target.pid {
-            return await self.applicationName(processIdentifier: pid) ?? "PID \(pid)"
+        if let pid = target.pid {
+            return await applicationName(processIdentifier: pid) ?? "PID \(pid)"
         }
 
-        if let appIdentifier = self.target.app?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
+        if let appIdentifier = target.app?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
            !appIdentifier.isEmpty {
             return await (try? self.services.applications.findApplication(identifier: appIdentifier).name) ??
                 appIdentifier
         }
 
         guard !snapshotId.isEmpty,
-              let snapshot = try? await self.services.snapshots.getUIAutomationSnapshot(snapshotId: snapshotId)
+              let snapshot = try? await services.snapshots.getUIAutomationSnapshot(snapshotId: snapshotId)
         else {
-            if let detectionResult = try? await self.services.snapshots.getDetectionResult(snapshotId: snapshotId) {
+            if let detectionResult = try? await services.snapshots.getDetectionResult(snapshotId: snapshotId) {
                 if let applicationName = detectionResult.metadata.windowContext?.applicationName {
                     return applicationName
                 }
                 if let processId = detectionResult.metadata.windowContext?.applicationProcessId {
-                    return await self.applicationName(processIdentifier: processId) ?? "PID \(processId)"
+                    return await applicationName(processIdentifier: processId) ?? "PID \(processId)"
                 }
             }
             return await self.frontmostApplicationName()
@@ -368,14 +426,14 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
         }
 
         if let processId = snapshot.applicationProcessId {
-            return await self.applicationName(processIdentifier: processId) ?? "PID \(processId)"
+            return await applicationName(processIdentifier: processId) ?? "PID \(processId)"
         }
 
         return await self.frontmostApplicationName()
     }
 
     private func applicationName(processIdentifier: Int32) async -> String? {
-        guard let output = try? await self.services.applications.listApplications() else {
+        guard let output = try? await services.applications.listApplications() else {
             return nil
         }
         return output.data.applications.first { $0.processIdentifier == processIdentifier }?.name
@@ -420,10 +478,37 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
             query: query,
             target: self.target,
             services: self.services,
-            logger: self.logger
+            logger: self.logger,
+            beforeRefresh: { startedAt in
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation(at: startedAt)
+            }
         )
     }
 
+    private func resolveExplicitWindowSelection(
+        observation: InteractionObservationContext
+    ) async throws -> InteractionWindowResolution? {
+        guard self.target.windowId != nil || self.target.windowTitle != nil || self.target.windowIndex != nil else {
+            return nil
+        }
+
+        let resolution = try await InteractionCoordinateResolver.resolveTargetWindow(
+            target: self.target,
+            services: self.services
+        )
+        guard self.usesBackgroundDelivery else {
+            return resolution
+        }
+        let snapshotId = try observation.requireSnapshot()
+        let detectionResult = try await observation.requireDetectionResult(using: self.services.snapshots)
+        try InteractionWindowSelectionValidator.validate(
+            resolution: resolution,
+            snapshotContext: detectionResult.metadata.windowContext,
+            snapshotId: snapshotId
+        )
+        return resolution
+    }
+
     private func cachedElementById(
         _ elementId: String,
         observation: InteractionObservationContext
@@ -491,7 +576,9 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
         _ target: ClickTarget,
         clickType: ClickType,
         snapshotId: String,
-        coordinateResolution: InteractionCoordinateResolution?
+        coordinateResolution: InteractionCoordinateResolution?,
+        explicitWindowResolution: InteractionWindowResolution?,
+        backgroundProcessIdentifier: pid_t?
     ) async throws {
         let effectiveSnapshotId: String? = if case .coordinates = target {
             nil
@@ -500,16 +587,16 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
         }
 
         if self.usesBackgroundDelivery {
-            let pid = try await self.resolveBackgroundClickProcessIdentifier(
-                snapshotId: effectiveSnapshotId,
-                coordinateResolution: coordinateResolution
-            )
+            guard let backgroundProcessIdentifier else {
+                preconditionFailure("Background process identifier must be resolved before click delivery")
+            }
             try await AutomationServiceBridge.click(
                 automation: self.services.automation,
                 target: target,
                 clickType: clickType,
                 snapshotId: effectiveSnapshotId,
-                targetProcessIdentifier: pid
+                targetProcessIdentifier: backgroundProcessIdentifier,
+                targetWindowID: explicitWindowResolution?.windowInfo.windowID ?? coordinateResolution?.targetWindowID
             )
         } else {
             try await AutomationServiceBridge.click(
@@ -574,22 +661,27 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
 
     private func resolveBackgroundClickProcessIdentifier(
         snapshotId: String?,
-        coordinateResolution: InteractionCoordinateResolution?
+        coordinateResolution: InteractionCoordinateResolution?,
+        explicitWindowResolution: InteractionWindowResolution?
     ) async throws -> pid_t {
         if self.target.pid != nil, self.target.app != nil {
             throw ValidationError("Background click accepts one process target: use --app or --pid")
         }
 
-        if let pid = self.target.pid {
+        if let processId = explicitWindowResolution?.targetProcessIdentifier {
+            return pid_t(processId)
+        }
+
+        if let pid = target.pid {
             guard pid > 0 else {
                 throw ValidationError("--pid must be greater than 0")
             }
             return pid_t(pid)
         }
 
-        if let appIdentifier = self.target.app?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
+        if let appIdentifier = target.app?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
            !appIdentifier.isEmpty {
-            let app = try await self.services.applications.findApplication(identifier: appIdentifier)
+            let app = try await services.applications.findApplication(identifier: appIdentifier)
             return pid_t(app.processIdentifier)
         }
 
@@ -598,13 +690,13 @@ struct ClickCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
         }
 
         if let snapshotId,
-           let snapshot = try? await self.services.snapshots.getUIAutomationSnapshot(snapshotId: snapshotId),
+           let snapshot = try? await services.snapshots.getUIAutomationSnapshot(snapshotId: snapshotId),
            let processId = snapshot.applicationProcessId {
             return pid_t(processId)
         }
 
         if let snapshotId,
-           let detectionResult = try? await self.services.snapshots.getDetectionResult(snapshotId: snapshotId),
+           let detectionResult = try? await services.snapshots.getDetectionResult(snapshotId: snapshotId),
            let processId = detectionResult.metadata.windowContext?.applicationProcessId {
             return pid_t(processId)
         }

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Interaction/DragCommand.swift

@@ -80,12 +80,16 @@ struct DragCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable {
                 fallbackToLatest: needsSnapshot,
                 snapshots: self.services.snapshots
             )
+            let refreshRuntime = self.resolvedRuntime
             observation = try await InteractionObservationRefresher.refreshForMissingElementsIfNeeded(
                 observation,
                 elementIds: [self.from, self.to],
                 target: self.target,
                 services: self.services,
-                logger: self.logger
+                logger: self.logger,
+                beforeRefresh: { startedAt in
+                    refreshRuntime.beginInteractionMutation(at: startedAt)
+                }
             )
             if needsSnapshot {
                 _ = try await observation.requireDetectionResult(using: self.services.snapshots)
@@ -93,6 +97,7 @@ struct DragCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable {
                 try await observation.validateIfExplicit(using: self.services.snapshots)
             }
 
+            self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
             try await ensureFocused(
                 snapshotId: observation.focusSnapshotId(for: self.target),
                 target: self.target,
@@ -157,13 +162,13 @@ struct DragCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable {
                     + "profile=\(movement.profileName)"
             )
 
-            try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 100_000_000)
+            try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 100_000_000)
             await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
-                observation,
-                snapshots: self.services.snapshots,
+                targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
                 logger: self.logger,
                 reason: "drag"
             )
+            try Task.checkCancellation()
 
             let result = DragResult(
                 success: true,
@@ -254,11 +259,11 @@ extension DragCommand: ParsableCommand {
                 Execute click-and-drag operations for moving elements, selecting text, or dragging files.
 
                 EXAMPLES:
-                  peekaboo drag --from B1 --to T2
+                  peekaboo drag --from "$SOURCE_ID" --to "$TARGET_ID"
                   peekaboo drag --from-coords "100,200" --to-coords "400,300"
-                  peekaboo drag --from B1 --to-app Trash
-                  peekaboo drag --from S1 --to-coords "500,250" --duration 2000
-                  peekaboo drag --from T1 --to T5 --modifiers shift
+                  peekaboo drag --from "$SOURCE_ID" --to-app Trash
+                  peekaboo drag --from "$SOURCE_ID" --to-coords "500,250" --duration 2000
+                  peekaboo drag --from "$SOURCE_ID" --to "$TARGET_ID" --modifiers shift
                 """,
                 version: "2.0.0",
                 showHelpOnEmptyInvocation: true

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Interaction/HotkeyCommand.swift

@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ struct HotkeyCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable {
             let targetPID: pid_t?
 
             let backgroundPID = try await self.backgroundProcessIdentifier(snapshotId: observation.snapshotId)
+            self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
 
             if let backgroundPID {
                 try self.validateBackgroundHotkeyOptions(snapshotId: observation.snapshotId)
@@ -124,9 +125,8 @@ struct HotkeyCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable {
                 targetPID = nil
             }
 
-            await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutationOrLatest(
-                observation,
-                snapshots: self.services.snapshots,
+            await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+                targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
                 logger: self.logger,
                 reason: "hotkey"
             )

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Interaction/MoveCommand+CommanderMetadata.swift

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ extension MoveCommand: ParsableCommand {
                     EXAMPLES:
                       peekaboo move 100,200                 # Move to coordinates
                       peekaboo move --to "Submit Button"    # Move to element by text
-                      peekaboo move --on B3                 # Move to element by ID
+                      peekaboo move --on "$ELEMENT_ID"      # ID copied from current output
                       peekaboo move 500,300 --smooth        # Smooth movement
                       peekaboo move --center                # Move to screen center
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ extension MoveCommand: CommanderSignatureProviding {
                 ),
                 .commandOption(
                     "on",
-                    help: "Element ID to move to (e.g., B1, T2)",
+                    help: "Opaque element ID copied from current see or inspect-ui output",
                     long: "on"
                 ),
                 .commandOption(

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Interaction/MoveCommand.swift

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ struct MoveCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable {
     @Option(help: "Move to element by text/label")
     var to: String?
 
-    @Option(help: "Element ID to move to (e.g., B1, T2)")
+    @Option(help: "Opaque element ID copied from current see or inspect-ui output")
     var on: String?
 
     @Option(name: .customLong("id"), help: "Element ID to move to (alias for --on)")
@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@ struct MoveCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable {
             )
 
             // Perform the movement
+            self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
             try await AutomationServiceBridge.moveMouse(
                 automation: self.services.automation,
                 to: targetLocation,
@@ -220,6 +221,7 @@ struct MoveCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable {
     }
 
     private func focusForCoordinateTarget() async throws {
+        self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
         try await ensureFocused(
             snapshotId: nil,
             target: self.target,
@@ -239,8 +241,12 @@ struct MoveCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable {
             elementIds: [elementId],
             target: self.target,
             services: self.services,
-            logger: self.logger
+            logger: self.logger,
+            beforeRefresh: { startedAt in
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation(at: startedAt)
+            }
         )
+        self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
         try await ensureFocused(
             snapshotId: observation.focusSnapshotId(for: self.target),
             target: self.target,
@@ -277,9 +283,13 @@ struct MoveCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable {
             query: query,
             target: self.target,
             services: self.services,
-            logger: self.logger
+            logger: self.logger,
+            beforeRefresh: { startedAt in
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation(at: startedAt)
+            }
         )
         let activeSnapshotId = try observation.requireSnapshot()
+        self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
         try await ensureFocused(
             snapshotId: observation.focusSnapshotId(for: self.target),
             target: self.target,

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Interaction/PasteCommand.swift

@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ struct PasteCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
             if let targetPID,
                let text = self.resolvedText {
                 let setResult = try Self.readResult(for: request)
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 _ = try await AutomationServiceBridge.typeActions(
                     automation: self.services.automation,
                     request: TypeActionsRequest(
@@ -99,8 +100,8 @@ struct PasteCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
                     ),
                     targetProcessIdentifier: targetPID
                 )
-                await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateLatestSnapshot(
-                    using: self.services.snapshots,
+                await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+                    targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
                     logger: self.logger,
                     reason: "paste"
                 )
@@ -126,6 +127,7 @@ struct PasteCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
                 return
             }
 
+            self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
             if targetPID == nil {
                 try await ensureFocused(
                     snapshotId: nil,
@@ -170,8 +172,8 @@ struct PasteCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
                     holdDuration: 50
                 )
             }
-            await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateLatestSnapshot(
-                using: self.services.snapshots,
+            await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+                targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
                 logger: self.logger,
                 reason: "paste"
             )

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Interaction/PerformActionCommand.swift

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ struct PerformActionCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOpt
             let observation = await self.resolveObservationContext()
             try await observation.validateIfExplicit(using: self.services.snapshots)
             let startTime = Date()
+            self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
             let result = try await AutomationServiceBridge.performAction(
                 automation: self.services.automation,
                 target: target,
@@ -59,8 +60,7 @@ struct PerformActionCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOpt
                 snapshotId: observation.snapshotId
             )
             await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
-                observation,
-                snapshots: self.services.snapshots,
+                targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
                 logger: self.logger,
                 reason: "perform-action"
             )
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ extension PerformActionCommand: ParsableCommand {
                 Invokes an accessibility action without synthesizing a mouse or keyboard event.
 
                 EXAMPLES:
-                  peekaboo perform-action --on B1 --action AXPress
+                  peekaboo perform-action --on "$ELEMENT_ID" --action AXPress
                   peekaboo perform-action --on Stepper --action AXIncrement
             """,
             showHelpOnEmptyInvocation: true

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Interaction/PressCommand.swift

@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ struct PressCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
             try await observation.validateIfExplicit(using: self.services.snapshots)
 
             let targetPID = try await self.backgroundProcessIdentifier(snapshotId: observation.snapshotId)
+            self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
             if targetPID == nil {
                 try await ensureFocused(
                     snapshotId: observation.focusSnapshotId(for: self.target),
@@ -126,9 +127,8 @@ struct PressCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
                 }
             }
 
-            await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutationOrLatest(
-                observation,
-                snapshots: self.services.snapshots,
+            await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+                targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
                 logger: self.logger,
                 reason: "press"
             )

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Interaction/ScrollCommand.swift

@@ -76,12 +76,16 @@ struct ScrollCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsCon
             )
 
             if let elementId = self.on {
+                let refreshRuntime = self.resolvedRuntime
                 observation = try await InteractionObservationRefresher.refreshForMissingElementsIfNeeded(
                     observation,
                     elementIds: [elementId],
                     target: self.target,
                     services: self.services,
-                    logger: self.logger
+                    logger: self.logger,
+                    beforeRefresh: { startedAt in
+                        refreshRuntime.beginInteractionMutation(at: startedAt)
+                    }
                 )
                 _ = try await observation.requireDetectionResult(using: self.services.snapshots)
             } else {
@@ -89,6 +93,7 @@ struct ScrollCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsCon
             }
 
             // Ensure window is focused before scrolling
+            self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
             try await ensureFocused(
                 snapshotId: observation.focusSnapshotId(for: self.target),
                 target: self.target,
@@ -109,6 +114,11 @@ struct ScrollCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsCon
                 automation: self.services.automation,
                 request: scrollRequest
             )
+            await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+                targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
+                logger: self.logger,
+                reason: "scroll"
+            )
             AutomationEventLogger.log(
                 .scroll,
                 "direction=\(self.direction) amount=\(self.amount) smooth=\(self.smooth) "
@@ -140,13 +150,6 @@ struct ScrollCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsCon
             }
             let scrollLocation = scrollResolution.point
 
-            await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
-                observation,
-                snapshots: self.services.snapshots,
-                logger: self.logger,
-                reason: "scroll"
-            )
-
             // Output results
             let outputPayload = ScrollResult(
                 success: true,

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Interaction/SetValueCommand.swift

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ struct SetValueCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsC
             let observation = await self.resolveObservationContext()
             try await observation.validateIfExplicit(using: self.services.snapshots)
             let startTime = Date()
+            self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
             let result = try await AutomationServiceBridge.setValue(
                 automation: self.services.automation,
                 target: target,
@@ -59,8 +60,7 @@ struct SetValueCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsC
                 snapshotId: observation.snapshotId
             )
             await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
-                observation,
-                snapshots: self.services.snapshots,
+                targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
                 logger: self.logger,
                 reason: "set-value"
             )
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ extension SetValueCommand: ParsableCommand {
                 Sets a settable accessibility value without synthesizing keystrokes.
 
                 EXAMPLES:
-                  peekaboo set-value "hello" --on T1
+                  peekaboo set-value "hello" --on "$ELEMENT_ID"
                   peekaboo set-value "42" --on "Search"
             """,
             showHelpOnEmptyInvocation: true

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Interaction/SwipeCommand.swift

@@ -98,12 +98,16 @@ struct SwipeCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
                 fallbackToLatest: needsSnapshotForElements,
                 snapshots: self.services.snapshots
             )
+            let refreshRuntime = self.resolvedRuntime
             observation = try await InteractionObservationRefresher.refreshForMissingElementsIfNeeded(
                 observation,
                 elementIds: [self.from, self.to],
                 target: self.target,
                 services: self.services,
-                logger: self.logger
+                logger: self.logger,
+                beforeRefresh: { startedAt in
+                    refreshRuntime.beginInteractionMutation(at: startedAt)
+                }
             )
 
             if needsSnapshotForElements {
@@ -112,6 +116,7 @@ struct SwipeCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
                 try await observation.validateIfExplicit(using: self.services.snapshots)
             }
 
+            self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
             try await ensureFocused(
                 snapshotId: observation.focusSnapshotId(for: self.target),
                 target: self.target,
@@ -173,13 +178,13 @@ struct SwipeCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConf
             )
 
             // Small delay to ensure swipe is processed
-            try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 100_000_000) // 0.1 seconds
+            try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 100_000_000) // 0.1 seconds
             await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
-                observation,
-                snapshots: self.services.snapshots,
+                targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
                 logger: self.logger,
                 reason: "swipe"
             )
+            try Task.checkCancellation()
 
             let outputPayload = SwipeResult(
                 success: true,
@@ -244,20 +249,20 @@ extension SwipeCommand: ParsableCommand {
 
                 EXAMPLES:
                   # Swipe between UI elements
-                  peekaboo swipe --from B1 --to B5 --snapshot 12345
+                  peekaboo swipe --from "$SOURCE_ID" --to "$TARGET_ID" --snapshot "$SNAPSHOT_ID"
 
                   # Swipe with coordinates
                   peekaboo swipe --from-coords 100,200 --to-coords 300,400
 
                   # Mixed mode: element to coordinates
-                  peekaboo swipe --from T1 --to-coords 500,300 --duration 1000
+                  peekaboo swipe --from "$SOURCE_ID" --to-coords 500,300 --duration 1000
 
                   # Slow swipe for precise gesture
                   peekaboo swipe --from-coords 50,50 --to-coords 400,400 --duration 2000
 
                 USAGE:
                   You can specify source and destination using either:
-                  - Element IDs from a previous 'see' command
+                  - Opaque element IDs copied from current 'see' or 'inspect-ui' output
                   - Direct coordinates
                   - A mix of both
 

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Interaction/TypeCommand+CommanderMetadata.swift

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ extension TypeCommand: CommanderSignatureProviding {
                 ),
                 .commandOption(
                     "profile",
-                    help: "Typing profile: human (default) or linear",
+                    help: "Typing profile: linear (default) or human",
                     long: "profile"
                 ),
                 .commandOption(

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Interaction/TypeCommand.swift

@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ struct TypeCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConfi
     var snapshot: String?
 
     @Option(help: "Delay between keystrokes in milliseconds")
-    var delay: Int = 2
+    var delay: Int = 0
 
     @Option(name: .customLong("wpm"), help: "Approximate human typing speed (words per minute)")
     var wordsPerMinute: Int?
 
-    @Option(name: .customLong("profile"), help: "Typing profile: human (default) or linear")
-    var profileOption: String? = TypingProfile.human.rawValue
+    @Option(name: .customLong("profile"), help: "Typing profile: linear (default) or human")
+    var profileOption: String?
 
     @Flag(names: [.customLong("return"), .long], help: "Press return/enter after typing")
     var pressReturn = false
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ struct TypeCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConfi
            let selection = TypingProfile(rawValue: profileOption.lowercased()) {
             return selection
         }
-        return .human
+        return self.wordsPerMinute == nil ? .linear : .human
     }
 
     private var resolvedWordsPerMinute: Int {
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ struct TypeCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConfi
             let observation = await self.resolveObservationContext()
             try await observation.validateIfExplicit(using: self.services.snapshots)
             let targetPID = try await self.backgroundProcessIdentifier(snapshotId: observation.snapshotId)
+            self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
             if targetPID == nil {
                 self.warnIfFocusUnknown(snapshotId: observation.snapshotId)
                 try await self.focusIfNeeded(snapshotId: observation.focusSnapshotId(for: self.target))
@@ -122,8 +123,7 @@ struct TypeCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConfi
                 targetProcessIdentifier: targetPID
             )
             await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
-                observation,
-                snapshots: self.services.snapshots,
+                targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
                 logger: self.logger,
                 reason: "type"
             )
@@ -392,9 +392,9 @@ extension TypeCommand: ParsableCommand {
                       Use --foreground only when the target requires focused keyboard input.
                       Without a target, keys are injected into the current focused element.
 
-                    HUMAN TYPING:
-                    Use --profile human (default) for realistic cadence; override speed with --wpm (80-220).
-                    Use --profile linear for deterministic timing via --delay.
+                    TYPING CADENCE:
+                    Linear typing is the default and uses --delay (0ms by default).
+                    Use --profile human or --wpm (80-220) for realistic cadence.
                 """,
 
                 showHelpOnEmptyInvocation: true

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/MCP/BrowserCommand.swift

@@ -101,9 +101,13 @@ struct BrowserCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsCo
         self.logger.setJsonOutputMode(self.jsonOutput)
 
         do {
+            let arguments = try self.arguments()
+            if Self.actionMayMutate(self.action) {
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+            }
             let context = MCPToolContext(services: self.services)
             let tool = BrowserTool(context: context)
-            let response = try await tool.execute(arguments: ToolArguments(raw: self.arguments()))
+            let response = try await tool.execute(arguments: ToolArguments(raw: arguments))
             try MCPToolCommandOutput.output(
                 tool: tool.name,
                 response: response,
@@ -118,6 +122,20 @@ struct BrowserCommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsCo
         }
     }
 
+    static func actionMayMutate(_ rawAction: String) -> Bool {
+        let normalized = rawAction
+            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "-", with: "_")
+        guard let action = BrowserAction(rawValue: normalized) else { return false }
+        switch action {
+        case .status, .connect, .disconnect, .listPages, .waitFor, .snapshot, .console, .network, .screenshot:
+            return false
+        case .selectPage, .closePage, .newPage, .navigate, .click, .fill, .fillForm, .drag, .hover, .type,
+             .pressKey, .uploadFile, .handleDialog, .performanceTrace, .call:
+            return true
+        }
+    }
+
     private func arguments() throws -> [String: Any] {
         let normalizedAction = self.action
             .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/MCP/InspectUICommand.swift

@@ -66,9 +66,15 @@ struct InspectUICommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptions
         self.logger.setJsonOutputMode(self.jsonOutput)
 
         do {
-            let context = MCPToolContext(services: self.services)
+            let context = MCPToolContext(
+                services: self.services,
+                snapshotMutationCoordinator: runtime.toolSnapshotMutationCoordinator
+            )
             let tool = InspectUITool(context: context)
-            let response = try await tool.execute(arguments: ToolArguments(raw: self.arguments()))
+            let response = try await context.execute(
+                tool: tool,
+                arguments: ToolArguments(raw: self.arguments())
+            )
             try MCPToolCommandOutput.output(
                 tool: tool.name,
                 response: response,

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/MCP/MCPCommand+Serve.swift

@@ -57,7 +57,12 @@ extension MCPCommand {
                     try await daemon.startChecked()
                 }
 
-                let server = try await PeekabooMCPServer()
+                let mutationCoordinator = runtime.toolSnapshotMutationCoordinator
+                let toolContext = Self.makeToolContext(
+                    services: runtime.services,
+                    snapshotMutationCoordinator: mutationCoordinator
+                )
+                let server = try await PeekabooMCPServer(toolContext: toolContext)
                 try await server.serve(transport: transportType, port: self.port)
                 await Self.stopLocalDaemon(localDaemon)
             } catch let exitCode as ExitCode {
@@ -75,6 +80,25 @@ extension MCPCommand {
             await daemon.waitUntilStopped()
         }
 
+        static func makeToolContext(
+            services: any PeekabooServiceProviding,
+            snapshotMutationCoordinator: (any MCPToolSnapshotMutationCoordinating)?
+        ) -> MCPToolContext {
+            let snapshotExecutionGate: MCPToolSnapshotExecutionGate
+            if let agent = services.agent as? PeekabooAgentService {
+                agent.configureSnapshotMutationCoordinator(snapshotMutationCoordinator)
+                snapshotExecutionGate = agent.snapshotExecutionGate
+            } else {
+                snapshotExecutionGate = MCPToolSnapshotExecutionGate()
+            }
+
+            return MCPToolContext(
+                services: services,
+                snapshotMutationCoordinator: snapshotMutationCoordinator,
+                snapshotExecutionGate: snapshotExecutionGate
+            )
+        }
+
         static func transportType(named name: String) -> PeekabooCore.TransportType? {
             switch name.lowercased() {
             case "stdio": .stdio

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Shared/FocusCommandUtilities.swift

@@ -34,7 +34,41 @@ enum FocusTargetResolver {
     }
 }
 
+enum FocusFailurePolicy {
+    static func optional<T>(_ operation: () async throws -> T) async throws -> T? {
+        do {
+            try Task.checkCancellation()
+            let result = try await operation()
+            try Task.checkCancellation()
+            return result
+        } catch {
+            try self.rethrowCancellation(error)
+            return nil
+        }
+    }
+
+    static func flatteningOptional<T>(_ operation: () async throws -> T?) async throws -> T? {
+        do {
+            try Task.checkCancellation()
+            let result = try await operation()
+            try Task.checkCancellation()
+            return result
+        } catch {
+            try self.rethrowCancellation(error)
+            return nil
+        }
+    }
+
+    static func rethrowCancellation(_ error: any Error) throws {
+        if error is CancellationError {
+            throw error
+        }
+        try Task.checkCancellation()
+    }
+}
+
 /// Ensure the target window is focused before executing a command.
+@MainActor
 func ensureFocused(
     snapshotId: String? = nil,
     windowID: CGWindowID? = nil,
@@ -43,6 +77,7 @@ func ensureFocused(
     options: any FocusOptionsProtocol,
     services: any PeekabooServiceProviding
 ) async throws {
+    try Task.checkCancellation()
     guard options.autoFocus else {
         return
     }
@@ -54,6 +89,7 @@ func ensureFocused(
     } else {
         nil as UIAutomationSnapshot?
     }
+    try Task.checkCancellation()
 
     let targetRequest = FocusTargetResolver.resolve(
         windowID: windowID,
@@ -66,7 +102,9 @@ func ensureFocused(
     case let .windowId(windowID):
         windowID
     case let .bestWindow(applicationName, windowTitle):
-        try? await focusService.findBestWindow(applicationName: applicationName, windowTitle: windowTitle)
+        try await FocusFailurePolicy.flatteningOptional {
+            try await focusService.findBestWindow(applicationName: applicationName, windowTitle: windowTitle)
+        }
     case nil:
         nil
     }
@@ -74,7 +112,9 @@ func ensureFocused(
     guard let windowID = targetWindow else {
         if case let .bestWindow(applicationName, _) = targetRequest {
             _ = try await services.applications.findApplication(identifier: applicationName)
+            try Task.checkCancellation()
             try await services.applications.activateApplication(identifier: applicationName)
+            try Task.checkCancellation()
         }
         return
     }
@@ -86,8 +126,10 @@ func ensureFocused(
         bringToCurrentSpace: options.bringToCurrentSpace
     )
 
+    try Task.checkCancellation()
     do {
         try await focusService.focusWindow(windowID: windowID, options: focusOptions)
+        try Task.checkCancellation()
     } catch let error as FocusError {
         switch error {
         case .windowNotFound, .axElementNotFound:
@@ -99,19 +141,25 @@ func ensureFocused(
             fallbackTargets.append(.frontmost)
 
             for target in fallbackTargets {
+                try Task.checkCancellation()
                 do {
                     try await WindowServiceBridge.focusWindow(windows: services.windows, target: target)
+                    try Task.checkCancellation()
                     return
                 } catch {
+                    try FocusFailurePolicy.rethrowCancellation(error)
                     fallbackErrors.append(error)
                 }
             }
 
             if let appName = applicationName {
+                try Task.checkCancellation()
                 do {
                     try await services.applications.activateApplication(identifier: appName)
+                    try Task.checkCancellation()
                     return
                 } catch {
+                    try FocusFailurePolicy.rethrowCancellation(error)
                     fallbackErrors.append(error)
                 }
             }
@@ -124,6 +172,7 @@ func ensureFocused(
 }
 
 /// Ensure focus using shared interaction target flags (`--app/--pid/--window-title/--window-index`).
+@MainActor
 func ensureFocused(
     snapshotId: String? = nil,
     target: InteractionTargetOptions,

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Shared/InteractionCoordinateResolver.swift

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ enum InteractionCoordinateResolver {
         services: any PeekabooServiceProviding,
         forceGlobal: Bool = false
     ) async throws -> InteractionCoordinateResolution {
-        guard target.hasAnyTarget, !forceGlobal else {
+        guard target.hasAnyTarget else {
             return InteractionCoordinateResolution(
                 inputPoint: inputPoint,
                 screenPoint: inputPoint,
@@ -22,8 +22,33 @@ enum InteractionCoordinateResolver {
             )
         }
 
+        let hasWindowSelector = target.windowId != nil || target.windowTitle != nil || target.windowIndex != nil
+        if forceGlobal, !hasWindowSelector {
+            return InteractionCoordinateResolution(
+                inputPoint: inputPoint,
+                screenPoint: inputPoint,
+                coordinateSpace: .global,
+                windowInfo: nil,
+                targetApplication: nil
+            )
+        }
+
+        let windowResolution = try await self.resolveTargetWindow(target: target, services: services)
+
+        return try self.resolveTargetWindowCoordinates(
+            inputPoint,
+            windowInfo: windowResolution.windowInfo,
+            targetApplication: windowResolution.targetApplication,
+            forceGlobal: forceGlobal
+        )
+    }
+
+    static func resolveTargetWindow(
+        target: InteractionTargetOptions,
+        services: any PeekabooServiceProviding
+    ) async throws -> InteractionWindowResolution {
         guard let windowTarget = try target.toWindowTarget() else {
-            throw ValidationError("Coordinate target could not be resolved from the supplied target options.")
+            throw ValidationError("Window target could not be resolved from the supplied target options.")
         }
 
         let windowInfo = try await self.resolveWindowInfo(
@@ -31,18 +56,12 @@ enum InteractionCoordinateResolver {
             target: target,
             services: services
         )
-
-        let targetApplication = await self.resolveTargetApplication(
+        let targetApplication = try await self.resolveTargetApplication(
             windowInfo: windowInfo,
             target: target,
             services: services
         )
-
-        return try self.resolveTargetWindowCoordinates(
-            inputPoint,
-            windowInfo: windowInfo,
-            targetApplication: targetApplication
-        )
+        return InteractionWindowResolution(windowInfo: windowInfo, targetApplication: targetApplication)
     }
 
     static func resolveTargetWindowCoordinates(
@@ -51,7 +70,7 @@ enum InteractionCoordinateResolver {
         targetApplication: ServiceApplicationInfo?,
         forceGlobal: Bool = false
     ) throws -> InteractionCoordinateResolution {
-        guard let windowInfo, !forceGlobal else {
+        guard let windowInfo else {
             return InteractionCoordinateResolution(
                 inputPoint: inputPoint,
                 screenPoint: inputPoint,
@@ -61,6 +80,16 @@ enum InteractionCoordinateResolver {
             )
         }
 
+        if forceGlobal {
+            return InteractionCoordinateResolution(
+                inputPoint: inputPoint,
+                screenPoint: inputPoint,
+                coordinateSpace: .global,
+                windowInfo: windowInfo,
+                targetApplication: targetApplication
+            )
+        }
+
         try self.validate(inputPoint: inputPoint, within: windowInfo)
 
         let screenPoint = CGPoint(
@@ -109,9 +138,19 @@ enum InteractionCoordinateResolver {
         windowInfo: ServiceWindowInfo,
         target: InteractionTargetOptions,
         services: any PeekabooServiceProviding
-    ) async -> ServiceApplicationInfo? {
-        if let identifier = try? target.resolveApplicationIdentifierOptional(),
-           let application = try? await services.applications.findApplication(identifier: identifier) {
+    ) async throws -> ServiceApplicationInfo? {
+        if let identifier = try target.resolveApplicationIdentifierOptional() {
+            let application = try await services.applications.findApplication(identifier: identifier)
+            if target.windowId != nil {
+                let applicationWindows = try await services.windows.listWindows(
+                    target: .application("PID:\(application.processIdentifier)")
+                )
+                try self.validateWindowOwnership(
+                    windowInfo: windowInfo,
+                    application: application,
+                    applicationWindows: applicationWindows
+                )
+            }
             return application
         }
 
@@ -137,6 +176,19 @@ enum InteractionCoordinateResolver {
         return nil
     }
 
+    static func validateWindowOwnership(
+        windowInfo: ServiceWindowInfo,
+        application: ServiceApplicationInfo,
+        applicationWindows: [ServiceWindowInfo]
+    ) throws {
+        guard applicationWindows.contains(where: { $0.windowID == windowInfo.windowID }) else {
+            throw ValidationError(
+                "Window \(windowInfo.windowID) does not belong to \(application.name) " +
+                    "(PID \(application.processIdentifier))"
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
     private static func targetDescription(_ target: InteractionTargetOptions) -> String {
         if let windowId = target.windowId {
             return "window id \(windowId)"
@@ -165,6 +217,46 @@ enum InteractionCoordinateResolver {
     }
 }
 
+struct InteractionWindowResolution {
+    let windowInfo: ServiceWindowInfo
+    let targetApplication: ServiceApplicationInfo?
+
+    var targetProcessIdentifier: Int32? {
+        self.targetApplication?.processIdentifier
+    }
+}
+
+enum InteractionWindowSelectionValidator {
+    static func validate(
+        resolution: InteractionWindowResolution,
+        snapshotContext: WindowContext?,
+        snapshotId: String
+    ) throws {
+        guard let snapshotWindowID = snapshotContext?.windowID else {
+            throw ValidationError(
+                "Snapshot '\(snapshotId)' does not identify an exact window; " +
+                    "capture a fresh snapshot for the selected window"
+            )
+        }
+
+        guard snapshotWindowID == resolution.windowInfo.windowID else {
+            throw ValidationError(
+                "Snapshot '\(snapshotId)' belongs to window \(snapshotWindowID), but the explicit selector " +
+                    "resolved window \(resolution.windowInfo.windowID)"
+            )
+        }
+
+        if let snapshotPID = snapshotContext?.applicationProcessId,
+           let selectedPID = resolution.targetProcessIdentifier,
+           snapshotPID != selectedPID {
+            throw ValidationError(
+                "Snapshot '\(snapshotId)' belongs to PID \(snapshotPID), but the selected window " +
+                    "belongs to PID \(selectedPID)"
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 struct InteractionCoordinateResolution {
     let inputPoint: CGPoint
     let screenPoint: CGPoint

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Shared/InteractionObservationContext.swift

@@ -106,6 +106,17 @@ struct InteractionObservationContext {
 struct InteractionObservationRefreshDependencies {
     let desktopObservation: any DesktopObservationServiceProtocol
     let snapshots: any SnapshotManagerProtocol
+    let beginMutation: ((Date) -> Void)?
+
+    init(
+        desktopObservation: any DesktopObservationServiceProtocol,
+        snapshots: any SnapshotManagerProtocol,
+        beginMutation: ((Date) -> Void)? = nil
+    ) {
+        self.desktopObservation = desktopObservation
+        self.snapshots = snapshots
+        self.beginMutation = beginMutation
+    }
 }
 
 @MainActor
@@ -115,7 +126,8 @@ enum InteractionObservationRefresher {
         elementIds: [String?],
         target: InteractionTargetOptions,
         services: any PeekabooServiceProviding,
-        logger: Logger
+        logger: Logger,
+        beforeRefresh: ((Date) -> Void)? = nil
     ) async throws -> InteractionObservationContext {
         var refreshed = observation
         for elementId in elementIds.compactMap(\.self) {
@@ -124,7 +136,8 @@ enum InteractionObservationRefresher {
                 elementId: elementId,
                 target: target,
                 services: services,
-                logger: logger
+                logger: logger,
+                beforeRefresh: beforeRefresh
             )
         }
         return refreshed
@@ -135,7 +148,8 @@ enum InteractionObservationRefresher {
         query: String,
         target: InteractionTargetOptions,
         services: any PeekabooServiceProviding,
-        logger: Logger
+        logger: Logger,
+        beforeRefresh: ((Date) -> Void)? = nil
     ) async throws -> InteractionObservationContext {
         try await self.refreshForMissingQueryIfNeeded(
             observation,
@@ -143,7 +157,8 @@ enum InteractionObservationRefresher {
             target: target,
             dependencies: InteractionObservationRefreshDependencies(
                 desktopObservation: services.desktopObservation,
-                snapshots: services.snapshots
+                snapshots: services.snapshots,
+                beginMutation: beforeRefresh
             ),
             logger: logger
         )
@@ -180,7 +195,8 @@ enum InteractionObservationRefresher {
         elementId: String,
         target: InteractionTargetOptions,
         services: any PeekabooServiceProviding,
-        logger: Logger
+        logger: Logger,
+        beforeRefresh: ((Date) -> Void)? = nil
     ) async throws -> InteractionObservationContext {
         try await self.refreshForMissingElementIfNeeded(
             observation,
@@ -188,7 +204,8 @@ enum InteractionObservationRefresher {
             target: target,
             dependencies: InteractionObservationRefreshDependencies(
                 desktopObservation: services.desktopObservation,
-                snapshots: services.snapshots
+                snapshots: services.snapshots,
+                beginMutation: beforeRefresh
             ),
             logger: logger
         )
@@ -228,31 +245,87 @@ enum InteractionObservationRefresher {
         logger: Logger
     ) async throws -> InteractionObservationContext {
         let requestTarget = try target.observationTargetRequest()
-        let result = try await dependencies.desktopObservation.observe(DesktopObservationRequest(
-            target: requestTarget,
-            capture: DesktopCaptureOptions(
-                engine: .auto,
-                scale: .logical1x,
-                visualizerMode: .screenshotFlash
-            ),
-            detection: DesktopDetectionOptions(mode: .accessibility, allowWebFocusFallback: true),
-            output: DesktopObservationOutputOptions(saveSnapshot: true)
-        ))
-
-        guard let refreshedSnapshotId = result.elements?.snapshotId else {
-            return observation
+        let observationStartedAt = Date()
+        dependencies.beginMutation?(observationStartedAt)
+        let snapshotID = try await dependencies.snapshots.createSnapshot(pendingAt: observationStartedAt)
+        let result: DesktopObservationResult
+        do {
+            result = try await dependencies.desktopObservation.observe(DesktopObservationRequest(
+                target: requestTarget,
+                capture: DesktopCaptureOptions(
+                    engine: .auto,
+                    scale: .logical1x,
+                    visualizerMode: .screenshotFlash
+                ),
+                detection: DesktopDetectionOptions(mode: .accessibility, allowWebFocusFallback: true),
+                output: DesktopObservationOutputOptions(
+                    saveSnapshot: true,
+                    snapshotID: snapshotID
+                )
+            ))
+            guard result.elements != nil else {
+                try? await dependencies.snapshots.cleanSnapshot(snapshotId: snapshotID)
+                _ = try? await dependencies.snapshots.invalidateImplicitLatestSnapshot(through: Date())
+                return observation
+            }
+            let publication = try self.certifiedPublicationBoundary(
+                for: result,
+                observationStartedAt: observationStartedAt
+            )
+            _ = try await dependencies.snapshots.invalidateImplicitLatestSnapshot(
+                through: publication.cutoff,
+                preserving: snapshotID,
+                preservedAt: publication.preservedAt
+            )
+            guard await dependencies.snapshots.getMostRecentSnapshot() == snapshotID else {
+                throw PeekabooError.snapshotStale(
+                    "The refreshed observation was superseded before it could be published"
+                )
+            }
+        } catch {
+            if !PendingSnapshotCleanupPolicy.shouldPreserveReservation(after: error) {
+                try? await dependencies.snapshots.cleanSnapshot(snapshotId: snapshotID)
+            }
+            _ = try? await dependencies.snapshots.invalidateImplicitLatestSnapshot(through: Date())
+            throw error
         }
 
         logger.debug(
-            "Refreshed implicit observation snapshot '\(refreshedSnapshotId)' for \(reason)"
+            "Refreshed implicit observation snapshot '\(snapshotID)' for \(reason)"
         )
         return InteractionObservationContext(
             explicitSnapshotId: nil,
-            snapshotId: refreshedSnapshotId,
+            snapshotId: snapshotID,
             source: .latest
         )
     }
 
+    private static func certifiedPublicationBoundary(
+        for result: DesktopObservationResult,
+        observationStartedAt: Date
+    ) throws -> (cutoff: Date, preservedAt: Date) {
+        let completedAtValues = [
+            result.diagnostics.desktopMutationCompletedAt,
+            result.elements?.metadata.desktopMutationCompletedAt,
+        ].compactMap(\.self)
+        let preservationValues = [
+            result.diagnostics.desktopMutationPreservationAllowed,
+            result.elements?.metadata.desktopMutationPreservationAllowed,
+        ].compactMap(\.self)
+        let hasCertificate = !completedAtValues.isEmpty || !preservationValues.isEmpty
+        guard hasCertificate else { return (observationStartedAt, Date()) }
+        guard let completedAt = completedAtValues.max(),
+              !preservationValues.isEmpty,
+              preservationValues.allSatisfy(\.self)
+        else {
+            throw PeekabooError.snapshotStale(
+                "The refreshed observation overlapped another desktop mutation"
+            )
+        }
+        let cutoff = max(observationStartedAt, completedAt)
+        return (cutoff, cutoff)
+    }
+
     private static func containsElement(
         matching query: String,
         in detectionResult: ElementDetectionResult

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/Shared/InteractionObservationInvalidator.swift

@@ -1,38 +1,440 @@
+import Foundation
+import PeekabooBridge
 import PeekabooCore
 import PeekabooFoundation
 
+@MainActor
+final class InteractionMutationTracker {
+    private let desktopMutationWatermarkStore: DesktopMutationWatermarkStore
+    private var pendingDesktopMutation: DesktopMutationWatermarkStore.PendingMutation?
+    private var durableMutationLeaseCount = 0
+    private(set) var mutationStartedAt: Date?
+    private(set) var mutationSequence: UInt64 = 0
+    private var successfulCompletionCutoff: Date?
+    private var failedInvalidationCutoff: Date?
+    private(set) var preservedSnapshotID: String?
+    private(set) var preservedAt: Date?
+
+    init(desktopMutationWatermarkStore: DesktopMutationWatermarkStore = DesktopMutationWatermarkStore()) {
+        self.desktopMutationWatermarkStore = desktopMutationWatermarkStore
+    }
+
+    var hasFailedInvalidationAttempt: Bool {
+        self.failedInvalidationCutoff != nil
+    }
+
+    var hasPendingDurableMutation: Bool {
+        self.pendingDesktopMutation != nil
+    }
+
+    @discardableResult
+    func begin(
+        at cutoff: Date = Date(),
+        preservingSnapshotsCreatedAfterBoundary: Bool = false
+    ) -> Date {
+        if self.mutationSequence < UInt64.max {
+            self.mutationSequence += 1
+        }
+        if let failedInvalidationCutoff, cutoff > failedInvalidationCutoff {
+            self.failedInvalidationCutoff = nil
+        }
+        if self.mutationStartedAt == nil {
+            self.mutationStartedAt = cutoff
+        }
+        if preservingSnapshotsCreatedAfterBoundary {
+            self.successfulCompletionCutoff = max(self.successfulCompletionCutoff ?? cutoff, cutoff)
+        } else {
+            self.successfulCompletionCutoff = nil
+        }
+        self.preservedSnapshotID = nil
+        self.preservedAt = nil
+        return self.mutationStartedAt ?? cutoff
+    }
+
+    func preserveFreshObservation(
+        snapshotId: String,
+        startedAt: Date,
+        preservedAt: Date,
+        preservationAllowed: Bool = true
+    ) {
+        guard self.mutationStartedAt != nil else { return }
+        guard preservationAllowed else {
+            self.successfulCompletionCutoff = nil
+            self.preservedSnapshotID = nil
+            self.preservedAt = nil
+            return
+        }
+        self.successfulCompletionCutoff = max(self.successfulCompletionCutoff ?? startedAt, startedAt)
+        self.preservedSnapshotID = snapshotId
+        self.preservedAt = preservedAt
+    }
+
+    @discardableResult
+    func beginDurableMutation(at startedAt: Date = Date()) throws -> Bool {
+        guard self.pendingDesktopMutation == nil else { return false }
+        self.pendingDesktopMutation = try self.desktopMutationWatermarkStore.beginMutation(at: startedAt)
+        self.durableMutationLeaseCount = 1
+        return true
+    }
+
+    func retainDurableMutationLease(at startedAt: Date = Date()) throws {
+        if self.pendingDesktopMutation == nil {
+            self.pendingDesktopMutation = try self.desktopMutationWatermarkStore.beginMutation(at: startedAt)
+            self.durableMutationLeaseCount = 1
+        } else {
+            self.durableMutationLeaseCount += 1
+        }
+    }
+
+    func completeDurableMutation(
+        through cutoff: Date
+    ) throws -> DesktopMutationWatermarkStore.MutationCompletion? {
+        guard let pendingDesktopMutation else { return nil }
+        if self.durableMutationLeaseCount > 1 {
+            self.durableMutationLeaseCount -= 1
+            return nil
+        }
+        let completion = try self.desktopMutationWatermarkStore.completeMutation(
+            pendingDesktopMutation,
+            through: cutoff
+        )
+        self.pendingDesktopMutation = nil
+        self.durableMutationLeaseCount = 0
+        return completion
+    }
+
+    func cancelDurableMutation() throws {
+        guard let pendingDesktopMutation else { return }
+        if self.durableMutationLeaseCount > 1 {
+            self.durableMutationLeaseCount -= 1
+            return
+        }
+        try self.desktopMutationWatermarkStore.cancelMutation(pendingDesktopMutation)
+        self.pendingDesktopMutation = nil
+        self.durableMutationLeaseCount = 0
+    }
+
+    func withPendingDurableMutationVisible<T>(
+        createdByCurrentCommand: Bool,
+        operation: () async throws -> T
+    ) async rethrows -> T {
+        guard createdByCurrentCommand, let pendingDesktopMutation else {
+            return try await operation()
+        }
+        return try await DesktopMutationWatermarkStore.withPendingMutationVisible(
+            pendingDesktopMutation,
+            operation: operation
+        )
+    }
+
+    func invalidationCutoff(commandCompletedAt completion: Date, succeeded: Bool) -> Date? {
+        guard self.mutationStartedAt != nil else { return nil }
+        if let failedInvalidationCutoff {
+            return failedInvalidationCutoff
+        }
+        if succeeded, let successfulCompletionCutoff {
+            return successfulCompletionCutoff
+        }
+        return completion
+    }
+
+    func markInvalidationFailed(through cutoff: Date) {
+        guard let mutationStartedAt, mutationStartedAt <= cutoff else { return }
+        self.failedInvalidationCutoff = min(self.failedInvalidationCutoff ?? cutoff, cutoff)
+    }
+
+    func markInvalidated(through cutoff: Date) {
+        guard let mutationStartedAt, mutationStartedAt <= cutoff else { return }
+        self.mutationStartedAt = nil
+        self.successfulCompletionCutoff = nil
+        self.failedInvalidationCutoff = nil
+        self.preservedSnapshotID = nil
+        self.preservedAt = nil
+    }
+}
+
 @MainActor
 extension InteractionObservationContext {
     @discardableResult
-    func invalidateAfterMutation(using snapshots: any SnapshotManagerProtocol) async throws -> String? {
-        guard self.source == .latest, let snapshotId else {
+    func invalidateAfterMutation(
+        using snapshots: any SnapshotManagerProtocol,
+        through cutoff: Date = Date()
+    ) async throws -> String? {
+        guard source == .latest, let snapshotId else {
             return nil
         }
 
-        try await snapshots.cleanSnapshot(snapshotId: snapshotId)
+        guard try await snapshots.invalidateImplicitLatestSnapshot(through: cutoff) != nil else {
+            return nil
+        }
         return snapshotId
     }
 
-    static func invalidateLatestSnapshot(using snapshots: any SnapshotManagerProtocol) async throws -> String? {
-        guard let latestSnapshotId = await snapshots.getMostRecentSnapshot() else {
-            return nil
-        }
-
-        try await snapshots.cleanSnapshot(snapshotId: latestSnapshotId)
-        return latestSnapshotId
+    static func invalidateLatestSnapshot(
+        using snapshots: any SnapshotManagerProtocol,
+        through cutoff: Date = Date(),
+        preserving snapshotId: String? = nil,
+        preservedAt: Date? = nil
+    ) async throws -> String? {
+        try await snapshots.invalidateImplicitLatestSnapshot(
+            through: cutoff,
+            preserving: snapshotId,
+            preservedAt: preservedAt
+        )
     }
 }
 
 @MainActor
 enum InteractionObservationInvalidator {
+    struct MutationTargets {
+        let snapshots: any SnapshotManagerProtocol
+        let selectedRemoteSocketPath: String?
+        let remoteSocketPaths: [String]
+        let socketExists: (String) -> Bool
+        let makeLocalSnapshotManager: () -> any SnapshotManagerProtocol
+        let makeRemoteSnapshotManager: (String) async throws -> (any SnapshotManagerProtocol)?
+        let mutationTracker: InteractionMutationTracker?
+
+        init(
+            snapshots: any SnapshotManagerProtocol,
+            selectedRemoteSocketPath: String?,
+            remoteSocketPaths: [String],
+            socketExists: @escaping (String) -> Bool = { FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: $0) },
+            makeLocalSnapshotManager: @escaping () -> any SnapshotManagerProtocol = {
+                SnapshotManager(desktopMutationWatermarkStore: DesktopMutationWatermarkStore())
+            },
+            makeRemoteSnapshotManager: @escaping (String) async throws -> (any SnapshotManagerProtocol)? = {
+                try await InteractionObservationInvalidator.makeRemoteSnapshotManager(socketPath: $0)
+            },
+            mutationTracker: InteractionMutationTracker? = nil
+        ) {
+            self.snapshots = snapshots
+            self.selectedRemoteSocketPath = selectedRemoteSocketPath
+            self.remoteSocketPaths = remoteSocketPaths
+            self.socketExists = socketExists
+            self.makeLocalSnapshotManager = makeLocalSnapshotManager
+            self.makeRemoteSnapshotManager = makeRemoteSnapshotManager
+            self.mutationTracker = mutationTracker
+        }
+    }
+
+    @discardableResult
+    static func invalidateAfterClickMutation(
+        targets: MutationTargets,
+        logger: Logger,
+        reason: String,
+        through cutoff: Date = Date()
+    ) async -> Bool {
+        await self.invalidateAfterMutation(
+            targets: targets,
+            logger: logger,
+            reason: reason,
+            through: cutoff
+        )
+    }
+
+    @discardableResult
+    static func invalidateAfterMutation(
+        targets: MutationTargets,
+        logger: Logger,
+        reason: String,
+        through cutoff: Date = Date(),
+        preserving snapshotId: String? = nil,
+        preservedAt: Date? = nil
+    ) async -> Bool {
+        let succeeded = await invalidateLatestSnapshotsAcrossKnownHosts(
+            using: targets.snapshots,
+            selectedRemoteSocketPath: targets.selectedRemoteSocketPath,
+            remoteSocketPaths: targets.remoteSocketPaths,
+            logger: logger,
+            reason: reason,
+            through: cutoff,
+            preserving: snapshotId,
+            preservedAt: preservedAt,
+            logFailures: targets.mutationTracker?.mutationStartedAt == nil,
+            socketExists: targets.socketExists,
+            makeLocalSnapshotManager: targets.makeLocalSnapshotManager,
+            makeRemoteSnapshotManager: targets.makeRemoteSnapshotManager
+        )
+        if succeeded {
+            targets.mutationTracker?.markInvalidated(through: cutoff)
+        } else {
+            targets.mutationTracker?.markInvalidationFailed(through: cutoff)
+        }
+        return succeeded
+    }
+
+    @discardableResult
+    static func invalidateLatestSnapshotsAcrossKnownHosts(
+        using snapshots: any SnapshotManagerProtocol,
+        selectedRemoteSocketPath: String?,
+        remoteSocketPaths: [String],
+        logger: Logger,
+        reason: String,
+        through cutoff: Date = Date(),
+        preserving snapshotId: String? = nil,
+        preservedAt: Date? = nil,
+        logFailures: Bool = true,
+        socketExists: (String) -> Bool = { FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: $0) },
+        makeLocalSnapshotManager: () -> any SnapshotManagerProtocol = {
+            SnapshotManager(desktopMutationWatermarkStore: DesktopMutationWatermarkStore())
+        },
+        makeRemoteSnapshotManager: (String) async throws -> (any SnapshotManagerProtocol)? = {
+            try await InteractionObservationInvalidator.makeRemoteSnapshotManager(socketPath: $0)
+        }
+    ) async -> Bool {
+        var requiredManagers: [any SnapshotManagerProtocol] = [snapshots]
+        let selectedPath = selectedRemoteSocketPath.map { NSString(string: $0).standardizingPath }
+        if selectedPath != nil {
+            requiredManagers.append(makeLocalSnapshotManager())
+        }
+
+        let requiredSucceeded = await self.invalidateLatestSnapshots(
+            using: requiredManagers,
+            logger: logger,
+            reason: reason,
+            through: cutoff,
+            preserving: snapshotId,
+            preservedAt: preservedAt,
+            logFailures: logFailures
+        )
+
+        var alternateManagers: [(path: String, manager: any SnapshotManagerProtocol)] = []
+        var seenPaths = Set<String>()
+        for rawPath in remoteSocketPaths {
+            let path = NSString(string: rawPath).standardizingPath
+            guard !path.isEmpty,
+                  path != selectedPath,
+                  seenPaths.insert(path).inserted,
+                  socketExists(path)
+            else { continue }
+            do {
+                if let manager = try await makeRemoteSnapshotManager(path) {
+                    alternateManagers.append((path: path, manager: manager))
+                }
+            } catch {
+                if self.isStaleSocketProbeFailure(
+                    error,
+                    socketPath: path,
+                    socketExists: socketExists
+                ) {
+                    logger.debug(
+                        "Skipping stale snapshot invalidation endpoint at \(path) after \(reason)"
+                    )
+                    continue
+                }
+                if logFailures {
+                    logger.warn(
+                        "Skipping unavailable alternate snapshot endpoint at \(path) after \(reason): " +
+                            error.localizedDescription
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    logger.debug(
+                        "Skipping unavailable alternate snapshot endpoint at \(path) after \(reason)"
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for alternate in alternateManagers {
+            let succeeded = await self.invalidateLatestSnapshot(
+                using: alternate.manager,
+                logger: logger,
+                reason: reason,
+                through: cutoff,
+                preserving: snapshotId,
+                preservedAt: preservedAt,
+                logFailures: false
+            )
+            if !succeeded {
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Skipping unavailable alternate snapshot endpoint at \(alternate.path) after \(reason)"
+                )
+            }
+        }
+        return requiredSucceeded
+    }
+
+    private static func isStaleSocketProbeFailure(
+        _ error: any Error,
+        socketPath: String,
+        socketExists: (String) -> Bool
+    ) -> Bool {
+        guard socketExists(socketPath) else {
+            return true
+        }
+        guard let posixError = error as? POSIXError else {
+            return false
+        }
+        return switch posixError.code {
+        case .ECONNREFUSED, .ENOENT, .ENOTSOCK:
+            true
+        default:
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static func makeRemoteSnapshotManager(
+        socketPath: String
+    ) async throws -> (any SnapshotManagerProtocol)? {
+        let client = PeekabooBridgeClient(socketPath: socketPath, requestTimeoutSec: 1)
+        let identity = PeekabooBridgeClientIdentity(
+            bundleIdentifier: Bundle.main.bundleIdentifier,
+            teamIdentifier: nil,
+            processIdentifier: getpid(),
+            hostname: Host.current().name
+        )
+        let handshake = try await client.handshake(client: identity, requestedHost: nil)
+        guard BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsImplicitSnapshotInvalidation(for: handshake) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        return RemoteSnapshotManager(
+            client: client,
+            supportsImplicitLatestSnapshotInvalidation: true,
+            desktopMutationWatermarkStore: DesktopMutationWatermarkStore()
+        )
+    }
+
+    @discardableResult
+    static func invalidateLatestSnapshots(
+        using snapshotManagers: [any SnapshotManagerProtocol],
+        logger: Logger,
+        reason: String,
+        through cutoff: Date = Date(),
+        preserving snapshotId: String? = nil,
+        preservedAt: Date? = nil,
+        logFailures: Bool = true
+    ) async -> Bool {
+        var succeeded = true
+        for snapshots in snapshotManagers {
+            guard await self.invalidateLatestSnapshot(
+                using: snapshots,
+                logger: logger,
+                reason: reason,
+                through: cutoff,
+                preserving: snapshotId,
+                preservedAt: preservedAt,
+                logFailures: logFailures
+            ) else {
+                succeeded = false
+                continue
+            }
+        }
+        return succeeded
+    }
+
     static func invalidateAfterMutation(
         _ observation: InteractionObservationContext,
         snapshots: any SnapshotManagerProtocol,
         logger: Logger,
-        reason: String
+        reason: String,
+        through cutoff: Date = Date()
     ) async {
         do {
-            if let invalidatedSnapshotId = try await observation.invalidateAfterMutation(using: snapshots) {
+            if let invalidatedSnapshotId = try await observation.invalidateAfterMutation(
+                using: snapshots,
+                through: cutoff
+            ) {
                 logger.debug(
                     "Invalidated implicit latest snapshot '\(invalidatedSnapshotId)' after \(reason)"
                 )
@@ -48,7 +450,8 @@ enum InteractionObservationInvalidator {
         _ observation: InteractionObservationContext,
         snapshots: any SnapshotManagerProtocol,
         logger: Logger,
-        reason: String
+        reason: String,
+        through cutoff: Date = Date()
     ) async {
         switch observation.source {
         case .explicit:
@@ -58,34 +461,221 @@ enum InteractionObservationInvalidator {
                 observation,
                 snapshots: snapshots,
                 logger: logger,
-                reason: reason
+                reason: reason,
+                through: cutoff
             )
         case .none:
             await self.invalidateLatestSnapshot(
                 using: snapshots,
                 logger: logger,
-                reason: reason
+                reason: reason,
+                through: cutoff
             )
         }
     }
 
+    @discardableResult
     static func invalidateLatestSnapshot(
         using snapshots: any SnapshotManagerProtocol,
         logger: Logger,
-        reason: String
-    ) async {
+        reason: String,
+        through cutoff: Date = Date(),
+        preserving snapshotId: String? = nil,
+        preservedAt: Date? = nil,
+        logFailures: Bool = true
+    ) async -> Bool {
         do {
             if let invalidatedSnapshotId = try await InteractionObservationContext.invalidateLatestSnapshot(
-                using: snapshots
+                using: snapshots,
+                through: cutoff,
+                preserving: snapshotId,
+                preservedAt: preservedAt
             ) {
                 logger.debug(
-                    "Invalidated latest snapshot '\(invalidatedSnapshotId)' after \(reason)"
+                    "Invalidated implicit latest snapshot '\(invalidatedSnapshotId)' after \(reason)"
                 )
             }
+            return true
         } catch {
-            logger.warn(
-                "Failed to invalidate latest snapshot after \(reason): \(error.localizedDescription)"
-            )
+            if logFailures {
+                logger.warn(
+                    "Failed to invalidate latest snapshot after \(reason): \(error.localizedDescription)"
+                )
+            }
+            return false
         }
     }
 }
+
+@MainActor
+extension CommandRuntime {
+    func withCaptureFocusMutation(
+        _ operation: () async throws -> Void
+    ) async rethrows {
+        self.beginInteractionMutation()
+        try await operation()
+        self.beginInteractionMutation(preservingSnapshotsCreatedAfterBoundary: true)
+    }
+
+    @discardableResult
+    func beginInteractionMutation(
+        at cutoff: Date = Date(),
+        preservingSnapshotsCreatedAfterBoundary: Bool = false
+    ) -> Date {
+        interactionMutationTracker.begin(
+            at: cutoff,
+            preservingSnapshotsCreatedAfterBoundary: preservingSnapshotsCreatedAfterBoundary
+        )
+    }
+
+    func preserveFreshObservation(
+        snapshotId: String,
+        startedAt: Date,
+        preservedAt: Date,
+        preservationAllowed: Bool = true
+    ) {
+        interactionMutationTracker.preserveFreshObservation(
+            snapshotId: snapshotId,
+            startedAt: startedAt,
+            preservedAt: preservedAt,
+            preservationAllowed: preservationAllowed
+        )
+    }
+
+    var interactionMutationTargets: InteractionObservationInvalidator.MutationTargets {
+        .init(
+            snapshots: services.snapshots,
+            selectedRemoteSocketPath: selectedRemoteSocketPath,
+            remoteSocketPaths: snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths,
+            mutationTracker: interactionMutationTracker
+        )
+    }
+
+    var toolSnapshotMutationCoordinator: any MCPToolSnapshotMutationCoordinating {
+        RuntimeMCPToolSnapshotMutationCoordinator(
+            targets: .init(
+                snapshots: services.snapshots,
+                selectedRemoteSocketPath: selectedRemoteSocketPath,
+                remoteSocketPaths: snapshotInvalidationRemoteSocketPaths
+            ),
+            logger: logger,
+            mutationTracker: interactionMutationTracker
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+@MainActor
+private final class RuntimeMCPToolSnapshotMutationCoordinator: MCPToolSnapshotMutationCoordinating {
+    private let targets: InteractionObservationInvalidator.MutationTargets
+    private let logger: Logger
+    private let mutationTracker: InteractionMutationTracker
+    private let hasRemoteSelection: Bool
+    private var preparedLocalMutationIDs: Set<UUID> = []
+    private var completedPreparedMutationIDs: Set<UUID> = []
+
+    init(
+        targets: InteractionObservationInvalidator.MutationTargets,
+        logger: Logger,
+        mutationTracker: InteractionMutationTracker
+    ) {
+        self.targets = targets
+        self.logger = logger
+        self.mutationTracker = mutationTracker
+        self.hasRemoteSelection = targets.selectedRemoteSocketPath != nil
+    }
+
+    func prepareMutation(_ scope: MCPToolSnapshotMutationScope) throws {
+        guard scope.effect != .freshObservation else { return }
+        let needsCallerBarrier = !self.hasRemoteSelection || scope.effect != .mutationProducingFreshObservation
+        if needsCallerBarrier {
+            guard try self.mutationTracker.beginDurableMutation(at: scope.startedAt) else {
+                throw PeekabooError.operationError(
+                    message: "A previous local desktop mutation barrier is still pending"
+                )
+            }
+            self.preparedLocalMutationIDs.insert(scope.id)
+        }
+        self.mutationTracker.begin(
+            at: scope.startedAt,
+            preservingSnapshotsCreatedAfterBoundary: scope.effect == .mutationProducingFreshObservation
+        )
+    }
+
+    func completeMutationBarrier(
+        _ scope: MCPToolSnapshotMutationScope
+    ) throws -> MCPToolMutationBarrierCompletion? {
+        guard self.preparedLocalMutationIDs.contains(scope.id) else { return nil }
+        let completion = try self.mutationTracker.completeDurableMutation(
+            through: scope.completedAt ?? Date()
+        )
+        self.preparedLocalMutationIDs.remove(scope.id)
+        self.completedPreparedMutationIDs.insert(scope.id)
+        return completion.map {
+            MCPToolMutationBarrierCompletion(
+                cutoff: $0.cutoff,
+                allowsObservationPreservation: $0.allowsObservationPreservation
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    @discardableResult
+    func completeMutation(_ scope: MCPToolSnapshotMutationScope, succeeded: Bool) async -> Bool {
+        let completedPreparedMutation = self.completedPreparedMutationIDs.remove(scope.id) != nil
+        let defersToOuterCommandBarrier = !self.hasRemoteSelection &&
+            scope.effect == .mutationProducingFreshObservation &&
+            !completedPreparedMutation &&
+            self.mutationTracker.hasPendingDurableMutation
+        if defersToOuterCommandBarrier {
+            if succeeded,
+               let preservedSnapshotID = scope.preservedSnapshotID,
+               let completedAt = scope.completedAt {
+                self.mutationTracker.preserveFreshObservation(
+                    snapshotId: preservedSnapshotID,
+                    startedAt: scope.confirmedMutationCompletedAt ?? scope.startedAt,
+                    preservedAt: completedAt
+                )
+            }
+            return true
+        }
+
+        let sharedWatermark = self.targets.snapshots.effectiveImplicitLatestInvalidationWatermark
+        let wantsPreservation = succeeded &&
+            scope.effect == .mutationProducingFreshObservation &&
+            scope.preservedSnapshotID != nil
+        let preservationBoundary = scope.confirmedMutationCompletedAt ?? scope.startedAt
+        let publicationAllowed = !wantsPreservation ||
+            ((scope.observationPreservationAllowed ?? true) &&
+                (sharedWatermark.map { $0 <= preservationBoundary } ?? true))
+        let effectiveSucceeded = succeeded && publicationAllowed
+        let requestedCutoff = scope.invalidationCutoff(succeeded: effectiveSucceeded)
+        let cutoff = max(requestedCutoff, sharedWatermark ?? requestedCutoff)
+        let preservedSnapshotID = effectiveSucceeded ? scope.preservedSnapshotID : nil
+        if let preservedSnapshotID, let completedAt = scope.completedAt {
+            self.mutationTracker.preserveFreshObservation(
+                snapshotId: preservedSnapshotID,
+                startedAt: cutoff,
+                preservedAt: completedAt
+            )
+        }
+        let invalidated = await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+            targets: self.targets,
+            logger: self.logger,
+            reason: "\(scope.toolName) tool execution",
+            through: cutoff,
+            preserving: preservedSnapshotID,
+            preservedAt: preservedSnapshotID == nil ? nil : scope.completedAt
+        )
+        if !invalidated {
+            let retried = await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+                targets: self.targets,
+                logger: self.logger,
+                reason: "\(scope.toolName) tool execution retry",
+                through: cutoff,
+                preserving: preservedSnapshotID,
+                preservedAt: preservedSnapshotID == nil ? nil : scope.completedAt
+            )
+            return retried && (!succeeded || effectiveSucceeded)
+        }
+        return !succeeded || effectiveSucceeded
+    }
+}

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/AppCommand+Launch.swift

@@ -9,11 +9,6 @@ extension AppCommand {
 
     @MainActor
     struct LaunchSubcommand {
-        @MainActor
-        static var launcher: any ApplicationLaunching = ApplicationLaunchEnvironment.launcher
-        @MainActor
-        static var resolver: any ApplicationURLResolving = ApplicationURLResolverEnvironment.resolver
-
         static let commandDescription = CommandDescription(
             commandName: "launch",
             abstract: "Launch an application",
@@ -88,14 +83,12 @@ extension AppCommand {
             self.prepare(using: runtime)
             do {
                 try self.validateInputs()
-                let url = try self.resolveApplicationURL()
-                let launchedApp = try await self.launchApplication(at: url, name: self.displayName(for: url))
-                try await self.waitIfNeeded(for: launchedApp)
-                self.activateIfNeeded(launchedApp)
-                await self.invalidateFocusSnapshotIfNeeded()
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+                let launchedApp = try await launchApplication()
+                await invalidateSnapshotsAfterLaunch()
                 self.renderLaunchSuccess(app: launchedApp)
             } catch {
-                self.handleError(error)
+                handleError(error, customCode: applicationLaunchErrorCode(for: error))
                 throw ExitCode(1)
             }
         }
@@ -112,41 +105,19 @@ extension AppCommand {
             }
         }
 
-        private func resolveApplicationURL() throws -> URL {
-            try Self.resolver.resolveApplication(appIdentifier: self.requestedAppIdentifier, bundleId: self.bundleId)
-        }
-
-        private func displayName(for url: URL) -> String {
-            (try? url.resourceValues(forKeys: [.localizedNameKey]).localizedName) ?? self.requestedAppIdentifier
-        }
-
         private var requestedAppIdentifier: String {
-            self.app ?? self.bundleId ?? "unknown"
+            self.bundleId ?? self.app ?? "unknown"
         }
 
-        private func waitIfNeeded(for app: any RunningApplicationHandle) async throws {
-            guard self.waitUntilReady else { return }
-            try await self.waitForApplicationReady(app)
-        }
-
-        private func activateIfNeeded(_ app: any RunningApplicationHandle) {
-            guard self.shouldFocusAfterLaunch else { return }
-            if !app.activate(options: []) {
-                self.logger
-                    .error("Launch succeeded but failed to focus \(app.localizedName ?? self.requestedAppIdentifier)")
-            }
-        }
-
-        private func invalidateFocusSnapshotIfNeeded() async {
-            guard self.shouldFocusAfterLaunch else { return }
-            await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateLatestSnapshot(
-                using: self.services.snapshots,
+        private func invalidateSnapshotsAfterLaunch() async {
+            await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+                targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
                 logger: self.logger,
-                reason: "app launch focus"
+                reason: "app launch"
             )
         }
 
-        private func renderLaunchSuccess(app: any RunningApplicationHandle) {
+        private func renderLaunchSuccess(app: ServiceApplicationInfo) {
             struct LaunchResult: Codable {
                 let action: String
                 let app_name: String
@@ -157,10 +128,10 @@ extension AppCommand {
 
             let data = LaunchResult(
                 action: "launch",
-                app_name: app.localizedName ?? self.requestedAppIdentifier,
+                app_name: app.name,
                 bundle_id: app.bundleIdentifier ?? "unknown",
                 pid: app.processIdentifier,
-                is_ready: app.isFinishedLaunching
+                is_ready: app.isFinishedLaunching ?? !self.waitUntilReady
             )
             AutomationEventLogger.log(
                 .app,
@@ -168,34 +139,22 @@ extension AppCommand {
             )
 
             output(data) {
-                print("✓ Launched \(app.localizedName ?? self.requestedAppIdentifier) (PID: \(app.processIdentifier))")
+                print("✓ Launched \(app.name) (PID: \(app.processIdentifier))")
             }
         }
 
-        private func launchApplication(at url: URL, name: String) async throws -> any RunningApplicationHandle {
-            if self.openTargets.isEmpty {
-                return try await Self.launcher.launchApplication(at: url, activates: self.shouldFocusAfterLaunch)
-            } else {
-                let urls = try self.openTargets.map { try Self.resolveOpenTarget($0) }
-                return try await Self.launcher.launchApplication(
-                    url,
-                    opening: urls,
-                    activates: self.shouldFocusAfterLaunch
-                )
-            }
-        }
-
-        private func waitForApplicationReady(
-            _ app: any RunningApplicationHandle,
-            timeout: TimeInterval = 10
-        ) async throws {
-            let startTime = Date()
-            while !app.isFinishedLaunching {
-                if Date().timeIntervalSince(startTime) > timeout {
-                    throw PeekabooError.timeout("Application did not become ready within \(Int(timeout)) seconds")
-                }
-                try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 100_000_000) // 0.1 second
-            }
+        private func launchApplication() async throws -> ServiceApplicationInfo {
+            let urls = try openTargets.map { try Self.resolveOpenTarget($0) }
+            let applicationIdentifier = self.bundleId == nil
+                ? self.app.map { ApplicationIdentifierResolver.resolve($0) }
+                : nil
+            return try await self.services.applications.launchApplication(request: ApplicationLaunchRequest(
+                applicationIdentifier: applicationIdentifier,
+                applicationBundleIdentifier: self.bundleId,
+                openURLs: urls,
+                activates: self.shouldFocusAfterLaunch,
+                waitUntilReady: self.waitUntilReady
+            ))
         }
 
         static func resolveOpenTarget(
@@ -229,10 +188,10 @@ extension AppCommand.LaunchSubcommand: AsyncRuntimeCommand, ErrorHandlingCommand
 @MainActor
 extension AppCommand.LaunchSubcommand: CommanderBindableCommand {
     mutating func applyCommanderValues(_ values: CommanderBindableValues) throws {
-        self.app = try values.decodeOptionalPositional(0, label: "app")
-        self.bundleId = values.singleOption("bundleId")
-        self.waitUntilReady = values.flag("waitUntilReady")
-        self.noFocus = values.flag("noFocus")
-        self.openTargets = values.optionValues("open")
+        app = try values.decodeOptionalPositional(0, label: "app")
+        bundleId = values.singleOption("bundleId")
+        waitUntilReady = values.flag("waitUntilReady")
+        noFocus = values.flag("noFocus")
+        openTargets = values.optionValues("open")
     }
 }

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/AppCommand+List.swift

@@ -45,6 +45,23 @@ extension AppCommand {
             self.resolvedRuntime.configuration.jsonOutput
         }
 
+        static func filteredApplications(
+            _ applications: [ServiceApplicationInfo],
+            includeHidden: Bool,
+            includeBackground: Bool
+        ) -> [ServiceApplicationInfo] {
+            applications.filter { app in
+                if !includeHidden, app.isHidden {
+                    return false
+                }
+                if !includeBackground,
+                   app.activationPolicy == .accessory || app.activationPolicy == .prohibited {
+                    return false
+                }
+                return true
+            }
+        }
+
         /// Enumerate running applications, apply filtering flags, and emit the chosen output representation.
         @MainActor
         mutating func run(using runtime: CommandRuntime) async throws {
@@ -53,12 +70,11 @@ extension AppCommand {
             do {
                 let appsOutput = try await self.services.applications.listApplications()
 
-                // Filter based on flags
-                let filtered = appsOutput.data.applications.filter { app in
-                    if !self.includeHidden && app.isHidden { return false }
-                    if !self.includeBackground && app.name.isEmpty { return false }
-                    return true
-                }
+                let filtered = Self.filteredApplications(
+                    appsOutput.data.applications,
+                    includeHidden: self.includeHidden,
+                    includeBackground: self.includeBackground
+                )
 
                 struct AppInfo: Codable {
                     let name: String

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/AppCommand+Quit.swift

@@ -114,6 +114,12 @@ extension AppCommand {
 
                 var results: [AppQuitInfo] = []
                 for target in quitApps {
+                    if target.pid == self.resolvedRuntime.selectedRemoteHostProcessIdentifier {
+                        throw PeekabooError.invalidInput(
+                            "Cannot quit the daemon host executing this command; use a different runtime host"
+                        )
+                    }
+                    self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                     let success = await (try? self.services.applications.quitApplication(
                         identifier: target.identifier,
                         force: self.force

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/AppCommand+Relaunch.swift

@@ -9,11 +9,6 @@ extension AppCommand {
 
     @MainActor
     struct RelaunchSubcommand {
-        @MainActor
-        static var launcher: any ApplicationLaunching = ApplicationLaunchEnvironment.launcher
-        @MainActor
-        static var resolver: any ApplicationURLResolving = ApplicationURLResolverEnvironment.resolver
-
         static let commandDescription = CommandDescription(
             commandName: "relaunch",
             abstract: "Quit and relaunch an application"
@@ -68,41 +63,45 @@ extension AppCommand {
             self.runtime = runtime
 
             do {
+                guard self.resolvedRuntime.applicationRelaunchAllowed else {
+                    throw PeekabooError.serviceUnavailable(
+                        "Relaunch requires a surviving daemon host; the selected bridge is unavailable or GUI-hosted"
+                    )
+                }
+
                 // Find the application first
-                let appIdentifier = try self.resolveApplicationIdentifier()
-                let appInfo = try await resolveApplication(appIdentifier, services: self.services)
+                let appIdentifier = try resolveApplicationIdentifier()
+                let appInfo = try await resolveApplication(appIdentifier, services: services)
                 let originalPID = appInfo.processIdentifier
+                guard originalPID != self.resolvedRuntime.selectedRemoteHostProcessIdentifier else {
+                    throw PeekabooError.serviceUnavailable(
+                        "Cannot relaunch the selected daemon through itself; use another bridge host"
+                    )
+                }
                 let processIdentifier = "PID:\(originalPID)"
-
-                // Step 1: Quit the app
-                let quitSuccess = try await self.services.applications.quitApplication(
-                    identifier: processIdentifier,
-                    force: self.force
+                guard self.wait.isFinite, self.wait >= 0 else {
+                    throw PeekabooError.invalidInput("Relaunch wait must be a finite, non-negative number of seconds")
+                }
+                let launchIdentifier = appInfo.bundleIdentifier == nil ? (appInfo.bundlePath ?? appInfo.name) : nil
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+                let launchedApp = try await services.applications.relaunchApplication(
+                    request: ApplicationRelaunchRequest(
+                        targetIdentifier: processIdentifier,
+                        launchRequest: ApplicationLaunchRequest(
+                            applicationIdentifier: launchIdentifier,
+                            applicationBundleIdentifier: appInfo.bundleIdentifier,
+                            activates: true,
+                            waitUntilReady: self.waitUntilReady
+                        ),
+                        force: self.force,
+                        waitSeconds: self.wait
+                    )
+                )
+                await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+                    targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
+                    logger: self.logger,
+                    reason: "app relaunch focus"
                 )
-
-                if !quitSuccess {
-                    throw PeekabooError
-                        .commandFailed(
-                            "Failed to quit \(appInfo.name) (PID: \(originalPID)). The app may have unsaved changes."
-                        )
-                }
-
-                // Wait for the app to actually terminate
-                try await self.waitUntilTerminated(identifier: processIdentifier, appName: appInfo.name)
-
-                // Step 2: Wait the specified duration
-                if self.wait > 0 {
-                    try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(self.wait * 1_000_000_000))
-                }
-
-                // Step 3: Launch the app
-                let appURL = try self.resolveLaunchURL(for: appInfo)
-                let launchedApp = try await Self.launcher.launchApplication(at: appURL, activates: true)
-
-                // Wait until ready if requested
-                if self.waitUntilReady {
-                    try await self.waitUntilReady(launchedApp)
-                }
 
                 struct RelaunchResult: Codable {
                     let action: String
@@ -123,53 +122,22 @@ extension AppCommand {
                     bundle_id: appInfo.bundleIdentifier,
                     quit_forced: self.force,
                     wait_time: self.wait,
-                    launch_success: launchedApp.isFinishedLaunching || !self.waitUntilReady
+                    launch_success: !self.waitUntilReady || launchedApp.isFinishedLaunching == true
                 )
 
                 output(data) {
                     print("✓ Relaunched \(appInfo.name)")
                     print("  Old PID: \(originalPID) → New PID: \(launchedApp.processIdentifier)")
                     if self.waitUntilReady {
-                        print("  Status: \(launchedApp.isFinishedLaunching ? "Ready" : "Launching...")")
+                        print("  Status: \(launchedApp.isFinishedLaunching == true ? "Ready" : "Launching...")")
                     }
                 }
 
             } catch {
-                handleError(error)
+                handleError(error, customCode: applicationLaunchErrorCode(for: error))
                 throw ExitCode(1)
             }
         }
-
-        private func waitUntilTerminated(identifier: String, appName: String) async throws {
-            var terminateWaitTime = 0.0
-            while await self.services.applications.isApplicationRunning(identifier: identifier),
-                  terminateWaitTime < 5.0 {
-                try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 100_000_000) // 0.1 seconds
-                terminateWaitTime += 0.1
-            }
-
-            if await self.services.applications.isApplicationRunning(identifier: identifier) {
-                throw PeekabooError.timeout("App \(appName) did not terminate within 5 seconds")
-            }
-        }
-
-        private func resolveLaunchURL(for appInfo: ServiceApplicationInfo) throws -> URL {
-            if let bundleID = appInfo.bundleIdentifier {
-                return try Self.resolver.resolveBundleIdentifier(bundleID)
-            }
-            if let bundlePath = appInfo.bundlePath {
-                return URL(fileURLWithPath: bundlePath)
-            }
-            throw PeekabooError.commandFailed("No bundle ID or path available to relaunch \(appInfo.name)")
-        }
-
-        private func waitUntilReady(_ app: any RunningApplicationHandle) async throws {
-            var readyWaitTime = 0.0
-            while !app.isFinishedLaunching && readyWaitTime < 10.0 {
-                try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 100_000_000) // 0.1 seconds
-                readyWaitTime += 0.1
-            }
-        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -180,12 +148,12 @@ extension AppCommand.RelaunchSubcommand: AsyncRuntimeCommand, ErrorHandlingComma
 @MainActor
 extension AppCommand.RelaunchSubcommand: CommanderBindableCommand {
     mutating func applyCommanderValues(_ values: CommanderBindableValues) throws {
-        self.app = try values.decodePositional(0, label: "app")
-        self.pid = try values.decodeOption("pid", as: Int32.self)
+        app = try values.decodePositional(0, label: "app")
+        pid = try values.decodeOption("pid", as: Int32.self)
         if let wait: TimeInterval = try values.decodeOption("wait", as: TimeInterval.self) {
             self.wait = wait
         }
-        self.force = values.flag("force")
-        self.waitUntilReady = values.flag("waitUntilReady")
+        force = values.flag("force")
+        waitUntilReady = values.flag("waitUntilReady")
     }
 }

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/AppCommand.swift

@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ struct AppCommand: ParsableCommand {
                 let appIdentifier = try self.resolveApplicationIdentifier()
                 let appInfo = try await resolveApplication(appIdentifier, services: self.services)
 
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 try await self.services.applications.hideApplication(identifier: appIdentifier)
 
                 let data = [
@@ -178,6 +179,7 @@ struct AppCommand: ParsableCommand {
                 let appIdentifier = try self.resolveApplicationIdentifier()
                 let appInfo = try await resolveApplication(appIdentifier, services: self.services)
 
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 try await self.services.applications.unhideApplication(identifier: appIdentifier)
 
                 // Activate if requested
@@ -271,6 +273,7 @@ struct AppCommand: ParsableCommand {
                     if self.verify {
                         throw ValidationError("Verify is only supported with --to (not --cycle)")
                     }
+                    self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                     try await self.services.automation.hotkey(keys: "cmd,tab", holdDuration: 0)
 
                     struct CycleResult: Codable {
@@ -280,8 +283,8 @@ struct AppCommand: ParsableCommand {
 
                     let data = CycleResult(action: "cycle", success: true)
 
-                    await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateLatestSnapshot(
-                        using: self.services.snapshots,
+                    await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+                        targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
                         logger: self.logger,
                         reason: "app switch cycle"
                     )
@@ -291,7 +294,13 @@ struct AppCommand: ParsableCommand {
                     AutomationEventLogger.log(.app, "switch action=cycle success=true")
                 } else if let targetApp = to {
                     let appInfo = try await resolveApplication(targetApp, services: self.services)
+                    self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                     try await self.services.applications.activateApplication(identifier: appInfo.name)
+                    await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+                        targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
+                        logger: self.logger,
+                        reason: "app switch"
+                    )
                     if self.verify {
                         try await self.verifyFrontmostApp(expected: appInfo)
                     }
@@ -310,11 +319,6 @@ struct AppCommand: ParsableCommand {
                         success: true
                     )
 
-                    await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateLatestSnapshot(
-                        using: self.services.snapshots,
-                        logger: self.logger,
-                        reason: "app switch"
-                    )
                     output(data) {
                         print("✓ Switched to \(appInfo.name)")
                     }

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/ApplicationIdentifierResolver.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum ApplicationIdentifierResolver {
+    static func resolve(
+        _ value: String,
+        cwd: String = FileManager.default.currentDirectoryPath
+    ) -> String {
+        let trimmed = value.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        guard trimmed.contains("/") else { return trimmed }
+
+        let expanded = NSString(string: trimmed).expandingTildeInPath
+        let absolutePath = expanded.hasPrefix("/")
+            ? expanded
+            : NSString(string: cwd).appendingPathComponent(expanded)
+        return URL(fileURLWithPath: absolutePath).standardizedFileURL.path
+    }
+}

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/ApplicationLaunching.swift

@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-import AppKit
-import Foundation
-import PeekabooCore
-
-// MARK: - Running Application Handle
-
-@MainActor
-protocol RunningApplicationHandle {
-    var localizedName: String? { get }
-    var bundleIdentifier: String? { get }
-    var processIdentifier: Int32 { get }
-    var isFinishedLaunching: Bool { get }
-    var isActive: Bool { get }
-
-    @discardableResult
-    func activate(options: NSApplication.ActivationOptions) -> Bool
-}
-
-@MainActor
-extension NSRunningApplication: RunningApplicationHandle {}
-
-// MARK: - Launcher abstraction
-
-@MainActor
-protocol ApplicationLaunching {
-    func launchApplication(at url: URL, activates: Bool) async throws -> any RunningApplicationHandle
-    func launchApplication(_ url: URL, opening documents: [URL], activates: Bool) async throws
-        -> any RunningApplicationHandle
-    func openTarget(_ targetURL: URL, handlerURL: URL?, activates: Bool) async throws -> any RunningApplicationHandle
-}
-
-@MainActor
-enum ApplicationLaunchEnvironment {
-    static var launcher: any ApplicationLaunching = NSWorkspaceApplicationLauncher()
-}
-
-@MainActor
-final class NSWorkspaceApplicationLauncher: ApplicationLaunching {
-    func launchApplication(at url: URL, activates: Bool) async throws -> any RunningApplicationHandle {
-        let configuration = NSWorkspace.OpenConfiguration()
-        configuration.activates = activates
-        return try await NSWorkspace.shared.openApplication(at: url, configuration: configuration)
-    }
-
-    func launchApplication(
-        _ url: URL,
-        opening documents: [URL],
-        activates: Bool
-    ) async throws -> any RunningApplicationHandle {
-        let configuration = NSWorkspace.OpenConfiguration()
-        configuration.activates = activates
-        return try await NSWorkspace.shared.open(documents, withApplicationAt: url, configuration: configuration)
-    }
-
-    func openTarget(_ targetURL: URL, handlerURL: URL?, activates: Bool) async throws -> any RunningApplicationHandle {
-        if let handlerURL {
-            return try await self.launchApplication(handlerURL, opening: [targetURL], activates: activates)
-        } else {
-            let configuration = NSWorkspace.OpenConfiguration()
-            configuration.activates = activates
-            return try await NSWorkspace.shared.open(targetURL, configuration: configuration)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// MARK: - Application URL resolver
-
-@MainActor
-protocol ApplicationURLResolving {
-    func resolveApplication(appIdentifier: String, bundleId: String?) throws -> URL
-    func resolveBundleIdentifier(_ bundleId: String) throws -> URL
-}
-
-@MainActor
-enum ApplicationURLResolverEnvironment {
-    static var resolver: any ApplicationURLResolving = DefaultApplicationURLResolver()
-}
-
-@MainActor
-final class DefaultApplicationURLResolver: ApplicationURLResolving {
-    func resolveApplication(appIdentifier: String, bundleId: String?) throws -> URL {
-        if let bundleId {
-            return try self.resolveBundleIdentifier(bundleId)
-        }
-
-        if let bundleURL = NSWorkspace.shared.urlForApplication(withBundleIdentifier: appIdentifier) {
-            return bundleURL
-        }
-
-        if let namedURL = self.findApplicationByName(appIdentifier) {
-            return namedURL
-        }
-
-        if appIdentifier.contains("/") {
-            return URL(fileURLWithPath: appIdentifier)
-        }
-
-        throw NotFoundError.application(appIdentifier)
-    }
-
-    func resolveBundleIdentifier(_ bundleId: String) throws -> URL {
-        guard let url = NSWorkspace.shared.urlForApplication(withBundleIdentifier: bundleId) else {
-            throw NotFoundError.application("Bundle ID: \(bundleId)")
-        }
-        return url
-    }
-
-    private func findApplicationByName(_ name: String) -> URL? {
-        let searchPaths = [
-            "/Applications",
-            "/System/Applications",
-            "/System/Library/CoreServices",
-            "~/Applications",
-            "/Applications/Utilities"
-        ].map { NSString(string: $0).expandingTildeInPath }
-
-        for path in searchPaths {
-            let appPath = "\(path)/\(name).app"
-            if FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: appPath) {
-                return URL(fileURLWithPath: appPath)
-            }
-        }
-        return nil
-    }
-}

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/ClipboardCommand.swift

@@ -101,6 +101,9 @@ struct ClipboardCommand: OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConfigurable {
         self.logger.setJsonOutputMode(self.jsonOutput)
 
         let action = try self.resolvedAction()
+        if Self.actionMayMutate(action) {
+            self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+        }
         switch action.lowercased() {
         case "get":
             try self.handleGet()
@@ -121,6 +124,13 @@ struct ClipboardCommand: OutputFormattable, RuntimeOptionsConfigurable {
 
     // MARK: - Actions
 
+    static func actionMayMutate(_ action: String?) -> Bool {
+        guard let action = action?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased() else {
+            return false
+        }
+        return ["set", "load", "clear", "restore"].contains(action)
+    }
+
     private func resolvedAction() throws -> String {
         let positionalAction = self.action?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
         let optionAction = self.actionOption?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/DaemonCommand+Start.swift

@@ -49,8 +49,11 @@ extension DaemonCommand {
 
         mutating func run(using runtime: CommandRuntime) async throws {
             self.runtime = runtime
-            let socketPath = self.bridgeSocket ?? PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath
-            let client = DaemonControlClient(socketPath: socketPath)
+            let defaultSocketPath = PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath
+            let buildScopedSocketPath = DaemonLaunchPolicy.buildScopedDaemonSocketPath(
+                daemonSocketPath: defaultSocketPath,
+                runtimeBuildIdentity: DaemonLaunchPolicy.runtimeBuildIdentity()
+            )
             let lockHandle = DaemonPaths.openDaemonStartupLock()
             if let fileDescriptor = lockHandle?.fileDescriptor {
                 flock(fileDescriptor, LOCK_EX)
@@ -63,17 +66,29 @@ extension DaemonCommand {
             }
 
             let targets = await DaemonControlResolver.targets(explicitSocket: self.bridgeSocket)
-            if let target = targets.first(where: { !$0.isLegacyDefault }) {
-                let status = target.status
-                self.output(status) {
-                    DaemonStatusPrinter.render(status: status)
-                }
-                return
-            }
+            let action = DaemonControlPlanner.startAction(
+                targets: targets,
+                explicitSocket: self.bridgeSocket,
+                defaultSocketPath: defaultSocketPath,
+                buildScopedSocketPath: buildScopedSocketPath
+            )
+            guard let destination = try await self.resolveDestination(action: action, targets: targets) else { return }
+            let socketPath = destination.socketPath
+            let promotionTarget = destination.promotionTarget
 
-            let legacyTarget = targets.first {
-                $0.isLegacyDefault && DaemonControlClient.isReusableDaemonStatus($0.status)
-            }
+            let client = DaemonControlClient(socketPath: socketPath)
+
+            let migratesLegacyTarget = DaemonControlPlanner.shouldMigrateLegacyTarget(
+                explicitSocket: self.bridgeSocket,
+                destinationSocketPath: socketPath,
+                defaultSocketPath: defaultSocketPath,
+                targets: targets
+            )
+            let legacyTarget = migratesLegacyTarget
+                ? targets.first {
+                    $0.isLegacyDefault && DaemonControlClient.isReusableDaemonStatus($0.status)
+                }
+                : nil
             if let legacyTarget {
                 guard DaemonControlClient.supportsSafeMigration(legacyTarget.status) else {
                     throw PeekabooError.operationError(
@@ -96,6 +111,11 @@ extension DaemonCommand {
                 break
             case .reusableDaemon:
                 if let status = await client.fetchReusableDaemonStatus() {
+                    guard status.mode == .manual else {
+                        throw PeekabooError.operationError(
+                            message: "Daemon at \(socketPath) remained in auto mode; retry start when it is idle"
+                        )
+                    }
                     self.output(status) {
                         DaemonStatusPrinter.render(status: status)
                     }
@@ -108,7 +128,8 @@ extension DaemonCommand {
             let arguments = DaemonLaunchPolicy.daemonArguments(
                 socketPath: socketPath,
                 mode: .manual,
-                pollIntervalMs: self.pollIntervalMs ?? legacyTarget?.status.windowTracker?.cgPollIntervalMs,
+                pollIntervalMs: self.pollIntervalMs ?? promotionTarget?.status.windowTracker?.cgPollIntervalMs
+                    ?? legacyTarget?.status.windowTracker?.cgPollIntervalMs,
                 idleTimeoutSeconds: CommandRuntime.defaultDaemonIdleTimeoutSeconds
             )
             guard let replacement = await DaemonLaunchPolicy.launchDaemon(
@@ -157,6 +178,69 @@ extension DaemonCommand {
 
 extension DaemonCommand.Start: AsyncRuntimeCommand {}
 
+private struct DaemonStartDestination {
+    let socketPath: String
+    let promotionTarget: DaemonControlTarget?
+}
+
+@MainActor
+extension DaemonCommand.Start {
+    fileprivate func resolveDestination(
+        action: DaemonStartAction,
+        targets: [DaemonControlTarget]
+    ) async throws -> DaemonStartDestination? {
+        switch action {
+        case let .useExisting(socketPath):
+            guard let target = targets.first(where: { $0.client.socketPath == socketPath }) else {
+                throw PeekabooError.operationError(message: "Selected daemon disappeared; retry start")
+            }
+            self.output(target.status) {
+                DaemonStatusPrinter.render(status: target.status)
+            }
+            return nil
+        case let .launchManual(socketPath):
+            return DaemonStartDestination(socketPath: socketPath, promotionTarget: nil)
+        case let .promoteAutoToManual(socketPath, pid):
+            guard let target = targets.first(where: { $0.client.socketPath == socketPath }) else {
+                throw PeekabooError.operationError(message: "Selected daemon disappeared; retry start")
+            }
+            do {
+                guard try await target.client.stopAndWait(
+                    waitSeconds: max(self.waitSeconds, DaemonControlClient.defaultShutdownWaitSeconds),
+                    expectedPID: pid,
+                    requireIdentityMatch: true
+                )
+                else {
+                    throw PeekabooError.operationError(
+                        message: "Daemon at \(socketPath) refused a safe stop; retry when it is idle"
+                    )
+                }
+            } catch let error as PeekabooError {
+                throw error
+            } catch {
+                throw PeekabooError.operationError(
+                    message: "Could not safely promote daemon at \(socketPath): \(error.localizedDescription)"
+                )
+            }
+            return DaemonStartDestination(socketPath: socketPath, promotionTarget: target)
+        case let .rejectBusy(socketPath):
+            throw PeekabooError.operationError(
+                message: "Daemon at \(socketPath) has active requests; retry start after they finish"
+            )
+        case let .rejectUnsafe(socketPath):
+            throw PeekabooError.operationError(
+                message: "Daemon at \(socketPath) cannot be safely promoted; " +
+                    "stop it explicitly with `peekaboo daemon stop --bridge-socket \(socketPath)`, then retry"
+            )
+        case let .rejectIncompatible(socketPath):
+            throw PeekabooError.operationError(
+                message: "Daemon at \(socketPath) is incompatible with this build; " +
+                    "stop it with `peekaboo daemon stop --bridge-socket \(socketPath)`, then retry"
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 @MainActor
 extension DaemonCommand.Start: CommanderBindableCommand {
     mutating func applyCommanderValues(_ values: CommanderBindableValues) throws {

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/DaemonCommand+Status.swift

@@ -42,9 +42,22 @@ extension DaemonCommand {
             self.runtime = runtime
             let targets = await DaemonControlResolver.targets(explicitSocket: self.bridgeSocket)
 
-            if let status = targets.first?.status {
-                self.output(status) {
-                    DaemonStatusPrinter.render(status: status)
+            if let target = DaemonControlPlanner.preferredStatusTarget(
+                targets,
+                explicitSocket: self.bridgeSocket
+            ) {
+                let additionalSocketPaths = DaemonControlPlanner.additionalSocketPaths(
+                    in: targets,
+                    excluding: target
+                )
+                if !additionalSocketPaths.isEmpty {
+                    self.logger.warn(
+                        "Additional Peekaboo daemon detected at \(additionalSocketPaths.joined(separator: ", ")); " +
+                            "reporting \(target.client.socketPath)"
+                    )
+                }
+                self.output(target.status) {
+                    DaemonStatusPrinter.render(status: target.status)
                 }
             } else {
                 let stopped = PeekabooDaemonStatus(running: false)

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/DaemonCommand.swift

@@ -28,9 +28,18 @@ struct DaemonControlClient {
         Int(ceil(PeekabooBridgeConstants.defaultRequestTimeoutSeconds)) + 2
 
     let socketPath: String
+    let requestTimeoutSec: TimeInterval
+
+    init(
+        socketPath: String,
+        requestTimeoutSec: TimeInterval = PeekabooBridgeConstants.defaultRequestTimeoutSeconds
+    ) {
+        self.socketPath = socketPath
+        self.requestTimeoutSec = requestTimeoutSec
+    }
 
     func fetchStatus() async -> PeekabooDaemonStatus? {
-        let client = PeekabooBridgeClient(socketPath: self.socketPath)
+        let client = PeekabooBridgeClient(socketPath: socketPath, requestTimeoutSec: self.requestTimeoutSec)
         do {
             return try await client.daemonStatus()
         } catch let envelope as PeekabooBridgeErrorEnvelope {
@@ -44,7 +53,7 @@ struct DaemonControlClient {
     }
 
     func stopDaemon(expectedPID: pid_t? = nil) async throws -> Bool {
-        let client = PeekabooBridgeClient(socketPath: self.socketPath)
+        let client = PeekabooBridgeClient(socketPath: socketPath, requestTimeoutSec: self.requestTimeoutSec)
         if let expectedPID {
             return try await client.daemonStop(expectedPID: expectedPID)
         }
@@ -52,7 +61,7 @@ struct DaemonControlClient {
     }
 
     func fetchControllableDaemonStatus() async -> PeekabooDaemonStatus? {
-        guard let status = await self.fetchStatus(),
+        guard let status = await fetchStatus(),
               Self.isControllableDaemonStatus(status)
         else {
             return nil
@@ -61,7 +70,7 @@ struct DaemonControlClient {
     }
 
     func fetchReusableDaemonStatus() async -> PeekabooDaemonStatus? {
-        guard let status = await self.fetchStatus(),
+        guard let status = await fetchStatus(),
               Self.isReusableDaemonStatus(status)
         else {
             return nil
@@ -143,9 +152,10 @@ struct DaemonControlClient {
         do {
             let handshake = try await client.handshake(client: identity)
             let bridge = PeekabooDaemonBridgeStatus(
-                socketPath: self.socketPath,
+                socketPath: socketPath,
                 hostKind: handshake.hostKind,
-                allowedOperations: handshake.supportedOperations
+                allowedOperations: handshake.supportedOperations,
+                availableOperationNames: handshake.supportedOperations.map(\.rawValue).sorted()
             )
             return PeekabooDaemonStatus(
                 running: true,
@@ -166,37 +176,303 @@ struct DaemonControlClient {
 struct DaemonControlTarget {
     let client: DaemonControlClient
     let status: PeekabooDaemonStatus
-    let isLegacyDefault: Bool
+    let role: DaemonControlTargetRole
+
+    var isLegacyDefault: Bool {
+        self.role == .legacyDefault
+    }
+}
+
+enum DaemonControlTargetRole: Equatable {
+    case explicit
+    case defaultDaemon
+    case buildScopedDaemon
+    case legacyDefault
+}
+
+struct DaemonSocketFileCandidate: Equatable {
+    let path: String
+    let isSocket: Bool
+    let ownerUID: uid_t
+}
+
+enum DaemonStartAction: Equatable {
+    case useExisting(socketPath: String)
+    case launchManual(socketPath: String)
+    case promoteAutoToManual(socketPath: String, pid: pid_t)
+    case rejectBusy(socketPath: String)
+    case rejectUnsafe(socketPath: String)
+    case rejectIncompatible(socketPath: String)
+}
+
+enum DaemonControlPlanner {
+    private static let currentOperationNames: Set<String> = [
+        PeekabooBridgeOperation.launchApplicationWithOptions.rawValue,
+        PeekabooBridgeOperation.relaunchApplicationWithOptions.rawValue,
+        PeekabooBridgeOperation.invalidateImplicitLatestSnapshot.rawValue,
+    ]
+
+    static func supportsCurrentDaemon(_ status: PeekabooDaemonStatus) -> Bool {
+        guard let bridge = status.bridge else { return false }
+        let availableNames = Set(
+            bridge.availableOperationNames ?? bridge.allowedOperations.map(\.rawValue)
+        )
+        return self.currentOperationNames.isSubset(of: availableNames)
+    }
+
+    static func preferredStatusTarget(
+        _ targets: [DaemonControlTarget],
+        explicitSocket: String?
+    ) -> DaemonControlTarget? {
+        if explicitSocket != nil {
+            return targets.first
+        }
+
+        let defaultTarget = targets.first { $0.role == .defaultDaemon }
+        if let defaultTarget, self.isCurrentReusableTarget(defaultTarget) {
+            return defaultTarget
+        }
+        let scopedTargets = targets.filter { $0.role == .buildScopedDaemon }
+        if let scopedTarget = scopedTargets.first(where: self.isCurrentReusableTarget) {
+            return scopedTarget
+        }
+        return defaultTarget ?? scopedTargets.first ?? targets.first
+    }
+
+    static func additionalSocketPaths(
+        in targets: [DaemonControlTarget],
+        excluding selected: DaemonControlTarget
+    ) -> [String] {
+        targets
+            .filter { $0.client.socketPath != selected.client.socketPath }
+            .map(\.client.socketPath)
+    }
+
+    static func startAction(
+        targets: [DaemonControlTarget],
+        explicitSocket: String?,
+        defaultSocketPath: String,
+        buildScopedSocketPath: String?
+    ) -> DaemonStartAction {
+        if let explicitSocket {
+            guard let target = targets.first else {
+                return .launchManual(socketPath: explicitSocket)
+            }
+            return self.action(forExisting: target)
+        }
+
+        let defaultTarget = targets.first { $0.role == .defaultDaemon }
+        let scopedTargets = targets.filter { $0.role == .buildScopedDaemon }
+        if let defaultTarget, self.isCurrentReusableTarget(defaultTarget) {
+            return self.action(forExisting: defaultTarget)
+        }
+        if let scopedTarget = scopedTargets.first(where: self.isCurrentReusableTarget) {
+            return self.action(forExisting: scopedTarget)
+        }
+        if defaultTarget != nil, let buildScopedSocketPath {
+            if scopedTargets.contains(where: { $0.client.socketPath == buildScopedSocketPath }) {
+                return .rejectIncompatible(socketPath: buildScopedSocketPath)
+            }
+            return .launchManual(socketPath: buildScopedSocketPath)
+        }
+        if let defaultTarget {
+            return .rejectIncompatible(socketPath: defaultTarget.client.socketPath)
+        }
+        return .launchManual(socketPath: defaultSocketPath)
+    }
+
+    static func shouldMigrateLegacyTarget(
+        explicitSocket: String?,
+        destinationSocketPath: String,
+        defaultSocketPath: String,
+        targets: [DaemonControlTarget]
+    ) -> Bool {
+        explicitSocket == nil &&
+            NSString(string: destinationSocketPath).standardizingPath ==
+            NSString(string: defaultSocketPath).standardizingPath &&
+            !targets.contains { $0.role == .defaultDaemon }
+    }
+
+    private static func action(forExisting target: DaemonControlTarget) -> DaemonStartAction {
+        guard DaemonControlClient.isReusableDaemonStatus(target.status) else {
+            return .rejectIncompatible(socketPath: target.client.socketPath)
+        }
+        guard target.status.mode == .auto else {
+            return .useExisting(socketPath: target.client.socketPath)
+        }
+        guard DaemonControlClient.isIdleForMigration(target.status) else {
+            return .rejectBusy(socketPath: target.client.socketPath)
+        }
+        guard DaemonControlClient.supportsSafeMigration(target.status),
+              let pid = target.status.pid
+        else {
+            return .rejectUnsafe(socketPath: target.client.socketPath)
+        }
+        return .promoteAutoToManual(socketPath: target.client.socketPath, pid: pid)
+    }
+
+    private static func isCurrentReusableTarget(_ target: DaemonControlTarget) -> Bool {
+        DaemonControlClient.isReusableDaemonStatus(target.status) && self.supportsCurrentDaemon(target.status)
+    }
 }
 
 enum DaemonControlResolver {
+    private static let historicalProbeTimeoutSeconds: TimeInterval = 1
+
+    static func defaultSocketPaths() -> [String] {
+        let buildScopedPath = DaemonLaunchPolicy.buildScopedDaemonSocketPath(
+            daemonSocketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            runtimeBuildIdentity: DaemonLaunchPolicy.runtimeBuildIdentity()
+        )
+        return [PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath, buildScopedPath].compactMap(\.self)
+    }
+
+    static func historicalBuildScopedSocketPaths(
+        daemonSocketPath: String,
+        currentBuildScopedSocketPath: String?,
+        candidates: [DaemonSocketFileCandidate],
+        currentUID: uid_t = getuid()
+    ) -> [String] {
+        let daemonDirectory = Self.standardizedSocketPath(
+            URL(fileURLWithPath: daemonSocketPath).deletingLastPathComponent().path
+        )
+        let excludedPaths = Set([daemonSocketPath, currentBuildScopedSocketPath].compactMap { path in
+            path.map(Self.standardizedSocketPath)
+        })
+        return candidates
+            .filter { candidate in
+                candidate.isSocket &&
+                    candidate.ownerUID == currentUID &&
+                    Self.standardizedSocketPath(
+                        URL(fileURLWithPath: candidate.path).deletingLastPathComponent().path
+                    ) == daemonDirectory &&
+                    Self.isBuildScopedSocketName(URL(fileURLWithPath: candidate.path).lastPathComponent) &&
+                    !excludedPaths.contains(Self.standardizedSocketPath(candidate.path))
+            }
+            .map(\.path)
+            .sorted()
+    }
+
+    static func isValidatedHistoricalTarget(
+        status: PeekabooDaemonStatus,
+        socketPath: String
+    ) -> Bool {
+        guard status.running,
+              DaemonControlClient.isReusableDaemonStatus(status),
+              DaemonControlClient.supportsSafeMigration(status),
+              status.pid.map({ $0 > 0 }) == true,
+              let bridge = status.bridge,
+              bridge.hostKind == .onDemand,
+              standardizedSocketPath(bridge.socketPath) == standardizedSocketPath(socketPath)
+        else {
+            return false
+        }
+        let operationNames = Set(bridge.availableOperationNames ?? bridge.allowedOperations.map(\.rawValue))
+        return operationNames.contains(PeekabooBridgeOperation.daemonStatus.rawValue) &&
+            operationNames.contains(PeekabooBridgeOperation.daemonStop.rawValue)
+    }
+
     static func targets(explicitSocket: String?) async -> [DaemonControlTarget] {
         if let explicitSocket {
             let client = DaemonControlClient(socketPath: explicitSocket)
             guard let status = await client.fetchStatus() else { return [] }
-            return [DaemonControlTarget(client: client, status: status, isLegacyDefault: false)]
+            return [DaemonControlTarget(client: client, status: status, role: .explicit)]
         }
 
         var targets: [DaemonControlTarget] = []
-        let dedicatedClient = DaemonControlClient(socketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath)
-        if let status = await dedicatedClient.fetchControllableDaemonStatus() {
-            targets.append(DaemonControlTarget(
-                client: dedicatedClient,
-                status: status,
-                isLegacyDefault: false
-            ))
+        let defaultSocketPaths = self.defaultSocketPaths()
+        for (index, socketPath) in defaultSocketPaths.enumerated() {
+            let client = DaemonControlClient(socketPath: socketPath)
+            if let status = await client.fetchControllableDaemonStatus() {
+                targets.append(DaemonControlTarget(
+                    client: client,
+                    status: status,
+                    role: index == 0 ? .defaultDaemon : .buildScopedDaemon
+                ))
+            }
         }
 
+        await targets.append(contentsOf: self.validatedHistoricalTargets(
+            daemonSocketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            currentBuildScopedSocketPath: defaultSocketPaths.dropFirst().first
+        ))
+
         let legacyClient = DaemonControlClient(socketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath)
         if let status = await legacyClient.fetchControllableDaemonStatus() {
             targets.append(DaemonControlTarget(
                 client: legacyClient,
                 status: status,
-                isLegacyDefault: true
+                role: .legacyDefault
             ))
         }
         return targets
     }
+
+    static func validatedHistoricalTargets(
+        daemonSocketPath: String,
+        currentBuildScopedSocketPath: String?
+    ) async -> [DaemonControlTarget] {
+        var targets: [DaemonControlTarget] = []
+        for socketPath in self.discoveredHistoricalBuildScopedSocketPaths(
+            daemonSocketPath: daemonSocketPath,
+            currentBuildScopedSocketPath: currentBuildScopedSocketPath
+        ) {
+            let client = DaemonControlClient(
+                socketPath: socketPath,
+                requestTimeoutSec: self.historicalProbeTimeoutSeconds
+            )
+            guard let status = await client.fetchControllableDaemonStatus(),
+                  self.isValidatedHistoricalTarget(status: status, socketPath: socketPath)
+            else {
+                continue
+            }
+            targets.append(DaemonControlTarget(
+                client: client,
+                status: status,
+                role: .buildScopedDaemon
+            ))
+        }
+        return targets
+    }
+
+    private static func discoveredHistoricalBuildScopedSocketPaths(
+        daemonSocketPath: String,
+        currentBuildScopedSocketPath: String?
+    ) -> [String] {
+        let directoryURL = URL(fileURLWithPath: daemonSocketPath).deletingLastPathComponent()
+        guard let urls = try? FileManager.default.contentsOfDirectory(
+            at: directoryURL,
+            includingPropertiesForKeys: nil,
+            options: [.skipsHiddenFiles]
+        )
+        else {
+            return []
+        }
+        let candidates = urls.compactMap { url -> DaemonSocketFileCandidate? in
+            var info = stat()
+            guard lstat(url.path, &info) == 0 else { return nil }
+            return DaemonSocketFileCandidate(
+                path: url.path,
+                isSocket: info.st_mode & mode_t(S_IFMT) == mode_t(S_IFSOCK),
+                ownerUID: info.st_uid
+            )
+        }
+        return self.historicalBuildScopedSocketPaths(
+            daemonSocketPath: daemonSocketPath,
+            currentBuildScopedSocketPath: currentBuildScopedSocketPath,
+            candidates: candidates
+        )
+    }
+
+    private static func isBuildScopedSocketName(_ name: String) -> Bool {
+        guard name.hasPrefix("daemon-"), name.hasSuffix(".sock") else { return false }
+        let hash = name.dropFirst("daemon-".count).dropLast(".sock".count)
+        return hash.count == 16 && hash.allSatisfy { ("0"..."9").contains($0) || ("a"..."f").contains($0) }
+    }
+
+    private static func standardizedSocketPath(_ path: String) -> String {
+        NSString(string: path).standardizingPath
+    }
 }
 
 enum DaemonPaths {
@@ -256,7 +532,7 @@ enum DaemonStatusPrinter {
             print("------")
             print("Socket: \(bridge.socketPath)")
             print("Host: \(bridge.hostKind.rawValue)")
-            print("Ops: \(bridge.allowedOperations.count)")
+            print("Ops: \(bridge.availableOperationNames?.count ?? bridge.allowedOperations.count)")
         }
 
         if let permissions = status.permissions {

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/DialogCommand+Click.swift

@@ -44,6 +44,9 @@ extension DialogCommand {
 
             do {
                 try self.target.validate()
+                if self.focusOptions.autoFocus {
+                    self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+                }
                 try await ensureFocused(
                     snapshotId: nil,
                     target: self.target,
@@ -54,6 +57,7 @@ extension DialogCommand {
                 let resolvedWindowTitle = try await self.target.resolveWindowTitleOptional(services: self.services)
                 let appHint = try await DialogCommand.resolveDialogAppHint(target: self.target, services: self.services)
 
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 let result = try await self.services.dialogs.clickButton(
                     buttonText: self.button,
                     windowTitle: resolvedWindowTitle,

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/DialogCommand+DismissList.swift

@@ -49,6 +49,9 @@ extension DialogCommand {
 
             do {
                 try self.target.validate()
+                if self.focusOptions.autoFocus {
+                    self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+                }
                 try await ensureFocused(
                     snapshotId: nil,
                     target: self.target,
@@ -56,9 +59,10 @@ extension DialogCommand {
                     services: self.services
                 )
 
-                let resolvedWindowTitle = try await self.target.resolveWindowTitleOptional(services: self.services)
+                let resolvedWindowTitle = try await target.resolveWindowTitleOptional(services: self.services)
                 let appHint = try await DialogCommand.resolveDialogAppHint(target: self.target, services: self.services)
-                let result = try await self.services.dialogs.dismissDialog(
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+                let result = try await services.dialogs.dismissDialog(
                     force: self.force,
                     windowTitle: resolvedWindowTitle,
                     appName: appHint
@@ -142,6 +146,9 @@ extension DialogCommand {
 
             do {
                 try self.target.validate()
+                if self.focusOptions.autoFocus, self.target.hasAnyTarget {
+                    self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+                }
                 try await ensureFocused(
                     snapshotId: nil,
                     target: self.target,
@@ -149,10 +156,10 @@ extension DialogCommand {
                     services: self.services
                 )
 
-                let resolvedWindowTitle = try await self.target.resolveWindowTitleOptional(services: self.services)
+                let resolvedWindowTitle = try await target.resolveWindowTitleOptional(services: self.services)
                 let appHint = try await DialogCommand.resolveDialogAppHint(target: self.target, services: self.services)
                 let dialogService = self.services.dialogs
-                let timeoutSeconds = self.timeoutSeconds
+                let timeoutSeconds = timeoutSeconds
                 let elements = try await withMainActorCommandTimeout(
                     seconds: timeoutSeconds,
                     operationName: "dialog list"

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/DialogCommand+File.swift

@@ -62,6 +62,9 @@ extension DialogCommand {
 
             do {
                 try self.target.validate()
+                if self.focusOptions.autoFocus {
+                    self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+                }
                 try await ensureFocused(
                     snapshotId: nil,
                     target: self.target,
@@ -76,9 +79,11 @@ extension DialogCommand {
                 let select = self.select
                 let ensureExpanded = self.ensureExpanded
 
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 let result = try await withMainActorCommandTimeout(
                     seconds: self.timeoutSeconds,
-                    operationName: "dialog file"
+                    operationName: "dialog file",
+                    desktopMutationWatermarkStore: DesktopMutationWatermarkStore()
                 ) {
                     try await dialogs.handleFileDialog(
                         path: path,

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/DialogCommand+Input.swift

@@ -58,6 +58,9 @@ extension DialogCommand {
 
             do {
                 try self.target.validate()
+                if self.focusOptions.autoFocus {
+                    self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+                }
                 try await ensureFocused(
                     snapshotId: nil,
                     target: self.target,
@@ -69,6 +72,7 @@ extension DialogCommand {
                 let appHint = try await DialogCommand.resolveDialogAppHint(target: self.target, services: self.services)
 
                 let fieldIdentifier = self.field ?? self.index.map { String($0) }
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 let result = try await self.services.dialogs.enterText(
                     text: self.text,
                     fieldIdentifier: fieldIdentifier,

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/DockCommand+Launch.swift

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ extension DockCommand {
             self.logger.setJsonOutputMode(self.jsonOutput)
 
             do {
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 try await DockServiceBridge.launchFromDock(dock: self.services.dock, appName: self.app)
                 let dockItem = try await DockServiceBridge.findDockItem(dock: self.services.dock, name: self.app)
                 if self.verify {

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/DockCommand+RightClick.swift

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ extension DockCommand {
 
             do {
                 let dockItem = try await DockServiceBridge.findDockItem(dock: self.services.dock, name: self.app)
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 try await DockServiceBridge.rightClickDockItem(
                     dock: self.services.dock,
                     appName: self.app,

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/DockCommand+Visibility.swift

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ extension DockCommand {
             self.logger.setJsonOutputMode(self.jsonOutput)
 
             do {
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 try await DockServiceBridge.hideDock(dock: self.services.dock)
                 AutomationEventLogger.log(.dock, "hide")
 
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ extension DockCommand {
             self.logger.setJsonOutputMode(self.jsonOutput)
 
             do {
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 try await DockServiceBridge.showDock(dock: self.services.dock)
                 AutomationEventLogger.log(.dock, "show")
 

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/MenuBarCommand.swift

@@ -137,8 +137,10 @@ struct MenuBarCommand: ParsableCommand, ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable
             let focusSnapshot = self.verify ? try await verifier.captureFocusSnapshot() : nil
             let result: PeekabooCore.ClickResult
             if let idx = self.index {
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 result = try await MenuServiceBridge.clickMenuBarItem(at: idx, menu: self.services.menu)
             } else if let name = self.itemName {
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 result = try await MenuServiceBridge.clickMenuBarItem(named: name, menu: self.services.menu)
             } else {
                 throw PeekabooError.invalidInput("Please provide either a menu bar item name or use --index")

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/MenuCommand+Click.swift

@@ -76,6 +76,9 @@ extension MenuCommand {
                 try self.target.validate()
                 let appIdentifier = try await self.resolveTargetApplicationIdentifier()
                 let windowID = try await self.target.resolveWindowID(services: self.services)
+                if self.focusOptions.autoFocus {
+                    self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+                }
                 try await ensureFocusIgnoringMissingWindows(
                     request: FocusIgnoringMissingWindowsRequest(
                         windowID: windowID,
@@ -92,6 +95,7 @@ extension MenuCommand {
                     try await self.ensureMenuItemEnabled(appIdentifier: appIdentifier, menuPath: canonicalPath)
                 }
 
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 if let itemName = normalizedItem {
                     try await MenuServiceBridge.clickMenuItemByName(
                         menu: self.services.menu,

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/MenuCommand+ClickExtra.swift

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ extension MenuCommand {
                 let verifier = MenuBarClickVerifier(services: self.services)
                 let verifyTarget = self.verify ? try await self.resolveVerificationTarget() : nil
                 let preFocus = self.verify ? try await verifier.captureFocusSnapshot() : nil
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 let clickResult = try await MenuServiceBridge
                     .clickMenuBarItem(named: self.title, menu: self.services.menu)
 

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/MenuCommand+List.swift

@@ -48,6 +48,9 @@ extension MenuCommand {
                 try self.target.validate()
                 let appIdentifier = try await self.resolveTargetApplicationIdentifier()
                 let windowID = try await self.target.resolveWindowID(services: self.services)
+                if self.focusOptions.autoFocus {
+                    self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+                }
                 try await ensureFocusIgnoringMissingWindows(
                     request: FocusIgnoringMissingWindowsRequest(
                         windowID: windowID,

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/OpenCommand.swift

@@ -6,11 +6,6 @@ import PeekabooFoundation
 @available(macOS 14.0, *)
 @MainActor
 struct OpenCommand: ParsableCommand, OutputFormattable, ErrorHandlingCommand, RuntimeOptionsConfigurable {
-    @MainActor
-    static var launcher: any ApplicationLaunching = ApplicationLaunchEnvironment.launcher
-    @MainActor
-    static var resolver: any ApplicationURLResolving = ApplicationURLResolverEnvironment.resolver
-
     nonisolated(unsafe) static var commandDescription: CommandDescription {
         MainActorCommandDescription.describe {
             CommandDescription(
@@ -64,6 +59,10 @@ struct OpenCommand: ParsableCommand, OutputFormattable, ErrorHandlingCommand, Ru
         self.resolvedRuntime.logger
     }
 
+    private var services: any PeekabooServiceProviding {
+        self.resolvedRuntime.services
+    }
+
     var outputLogger: Logger {
         self.logger
     }
@@ -82,13 +81,21 @@ struct OpenCommand: ParsableCommand, OutputFormattable, ErrorHandlingCommand, Ru
 
         do {
             let targetURL = try Self.resolveTarget(self.target)
-            let handlerURL = try self.resolveHandlerApplication()
-            let appInstance = try await self.openTarget(targetURL: targetURL, handlerURL: handlerURL)
-            try await self.waitIfNeeded(for: appInstance)
-            let didFocus = self.activateIfNeeded(appInstance)
-            self.renderSuccess(app: appInstance, targetURL: targetURL, didFocus: didFocus)
+            let handlerIdentifier = self.bundleId == nil
+                ? app.map { ApplicationIdentifierResolver.resolve($0) }
+                : nil
+            self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+            let app = try await services.applications.launchApplication(request: ApplicationLaunchRequest(
+                applicationIdentifier: handlerIdentifier,
+                applicationBundleIdentifier: self.bundleId,
+                openURLs: [targetURL],
+                activates: self.shouldFocus,
+                waitUntilReady: self.waitUntilReady
+            ))
+            await self.invalidateSnapshotsAfterOpen()
+            self.renderSuccess(app: app, targetURL: targetURL)
         } catch {
-            self.handleError(error)
+            handleError(error, customCode: applicationLaunchErrorCode(for: error))
             throw ExitCode.failure
         }
     }
@@ -98,6 +105,14 @@ struct OpenCommand: ParsableCommand, OutputFormattable, ErrorHandlingCommand, Ru
         self.logger.setJsonOutputMode(self.jsonOutput)
     }
 
+    private func invalidateSnapshotsAfterOpen() async {
+        await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+            targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
+            logger: self.logger,
+            reason: "open"
+        )
+    }
+
     static func resolveTarget(_ target: String, cwd: String = FileManager.default.currentDirectoryPath) throws -> URL {
         let trimmed = target.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
         guard !trimmed.isEmpty else {
@@ -118,52 +133,17 @@ struct OpenCommand: ParsableCommand, OutputFormattable, ErrorHandlingCommand, Ru
         return URL(fileURLWithPath: absolutePath)
     }
 
-    private func resolveHandlerApplication() throws -> URL? {
-        if let bundleId {
-            return try Self.resolver.resolveBundleIdentifier(bundleId)
-        }
-
-        if let app {
-            return try Self.resolver.resolveApplication(appIdentifier: app, bundleId: nil)
-        }
-
-        return nil
-    }
-
-    private func openTarget(targetURL: URL, handlerURL: URL?) async throws -> any RunningApplicationHandle {
-        try await Self.launcher.openTarget(targetURL, handlerURL: handlerURL, activates: self.shouldFocus)
-    }
-
-    private func waitIfNeeded(for app: any RunningApplicationHandle) async throws {
-        guard self.waitUntilReady else { return }
-        try await self.waitForApplicationReady(app)
-    }
-
-    private func activateIfNeeded(_ app: any RunningApplicationHandle) -> Bool {
-        guard self.shouldFocus else { return false }
-
-        if app.isActive {
-            return true
-        }
-
-        let activated = app.activate(options: [])
-        if !activated {
-            self.logger.warn("Open succeeded but failed to focus \(app.localizedName ?? "application")")
-        }
-        return activated
-    }
-
-    private func renderSuccess(app: any RunningApplicationHandle, targetURL: URL, didFocus: Bool) {
+    private func renderSuccess(app: ServiceApplicationInfo, targetURL: URL) {
         let result = OpenResult(
             success: true,
             action: "open",
-            target: self.target,
-            resolved_target: self.normalizedTargetString(for: targetURL),
-            handler_app: app.localizedName ?? app.bundleIdentifier ?? "unknown",
+            target: target,
+            resolved_target: normalizedTargetString(for: targetURL),
+            handler_app: app.name,
             bundle_id: app.bundleIdentifier,
             pid: app.processIdentifier,
-            is_ready: app.isFinishedLaunching,
-            focused: didFocus && self.shouldFocus
+            is_ready: app.isFinishedLaunching ?? !self.waitUntilReady,
+            focused: self.shouldFocus && app.isActive
         )
         AutomationEventLogger.log(
             .open,
@@ -172,18 +152,7 @@ struct OpenCommand: ParsableCommand, OutputFormattable, ErrorHandlingCommand, Ru
         )
 
         output(result) {
-            let handler = app.localizedName ?? app.bundleIdentifier ?? "application"
-            print("✅ Opened \(result.resolved_target) with \(handler)")
-        }
-    }
-
-    private func waitForApplicationReady(_ app: any RunningApplicationHandle, timeout: TimeInterval = 10) async throws {
-        let start = Date()
-        while !app.isFinishedLaunching {
-            if Date().timeIntervalSince(start) > timeout {
-                throw PeekabooError.timeout("Application did not become ready within \(Int(timeout)) seconds")
-            }
-            try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 100_000_000)
+            print("✅ Opened \(result.resolved_target) with \(app.name)")
         }
     }
 

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/RunCommand.swift

@@ -63,14 +63,28 @@ struct RunCommand: OutputFormattable {
         var didEmitJSONResponse = false
 
         do {
-            let resolvedScriptPath = self.resolvedScriptPath()
+            let resolvedScriptPath = resolvedScriptPath()
             let script = try await ProcessServiceBridge.loadScript(services: self.services, path: resolvedScriptPath)
+            switch Self.finalSnapshotEffect(in: script) {
+            case .none:
+                break
+            case .mutation, .freshObservation:
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
+            }
             let results = try await ProcessServiceBridge.executeScript(
                 services: self.services,
                 script,
                 failFast: !self.noFailFast,
                 verbose: self.isVerbose
             )
+            if let freshObservation = Self.terminalFreshObservation(in: script, results: results) {
+                self.resolvedRuntime.preserveFreshObservation(
+                    snapshotId: freshObservation.snapshotId,
+                    startedAt: freshObservation.confirmedMutationCompletedAt ?? freshObservation.startedAt,
+                    preservedAt: freshObservation.completedAt,
+                    preservationAllowed: freshObservation.preservationAllowed
+                )
+            }
 
             let output = ScriptExecutionResult(
                 success: results.allSatisfy(\.success),
@@ -84,7 +98,7 @@ struct RunCommand: OutputFormattable {
             )
 
             if let outputPath = self.output {
-                let resolvedOutputPath = self.resolvedOutputPath(from: outputPath)
+                let resolvedOutputPath = resolvedOutputPath(from: outputPath)
                 let data = try JSONEncoder().encode(output)
                 try data.write(to: URL(fileURLWithPath: resolvedOutputPath))
                 if !self.jsonOutput {
@@ -131,6 +145,106 @@ struct RunCommand: OutputFormattable {
         PathResolver.expandPath(outputPath)
     }
 
+    enum ScriptFinalSnapshotEffect: Equatable {
+        case none
+        case mutation
+        case freshObservation
+    }
+
+    static func finalSnapshotEffect(in script: PeekabooScript) -> ScriptFinalSnapshotEffect {
+        var effect = ScriptFinalSnapshotEffect.none
+        for step in script.steps {
+            switch step.command.lowercased() {
+            case "sleep":
+                continue
+            case "see":
+                effect = self.isFreshObservationStep(step) ? .freshObservation : .mutation
+            case "dock":
+                if self.isReadOnlyDockStep(step) {
+                    continue
+                }
+                effect = .mutation
+            case "clipboard":
+                if self.isReadOnlyClipboardStep(step) {
+                    continue
+                }
+                effect = .mutation
+            default:
+                effect = .mutation
+            }
+        }
+        return effect
+    }
+
+    private static func isFreshObservationStep(_ step: ScriptStep) -> Bool {
+        guard step.command.lowercased() == "see" else { return false }
+        let annotate: Bool? = switch step.params {
+        case let .screenshot(parameters):
+            parameters.annotate
+        case let .generic(parameters):
+            parameters["annotate"].flatMap { Bool($0) }
+        default:
+            nil
+        }
+        return annotate ?? true
+    }
+
+    private static func isReadOnlyClipboardStep(_ step: ScriptStep) -> Bool {
+        let action: String? = switch step.params {
+        case let .clipboard(parameters):
+            parameters.action
+        case let .generic(parameters):
+            parameters["action"]
+        default:
+            nil
+        }
+        guard let action else { return false }
+        return ["get", "save"].contains(action.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased())
+    }
+
+    private static func isReadOnlyDockStep(_ step: ScriptStep) -> Bool {
+        let action: String? = switch step.params {
+        case let .dock(parameters):
+            parameters.action
+        case let .generic(parameters):
+            parameters["action"]
+        default:
+            nil
+        }
+        return action?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased() == "list"
+    }
+
+    struct TerminalFreshObservation {
+        let snapshotId: String
+        let startedAt: Date
+        let completedAt: Date
+        let confirmedMutationCompletedAt: Date?
+        let preservationAllowed: Bool
+    }
+
+    static func terminalFreshObservation(
+        in script: PeekabooScript,
+        results: [StepResult]
+    ) -> TerminalFreshObservation? {
+        guard self.finalSnapshotEffect(in: script) == .freshObservation,
+              results.count == script.steps.count,
+              results.allSatisfy(\.success),
+              let observationIndex = script.steps.lastIndex(where: { self.isFreshObservationStep($0) })
+        else { return nil }
+        let result = results[observationIndex]
+        guard result.command.lowercased() == "see",
+              let snapshotId = result.snapshotId,
+              let startedAt = result.startedAt
+        else { return nil }
+        return TerminalFreshObservation(
+            snapshotId: snapshotId,
+            startedAt: startedAt,
+            completedAt: startedAt.addingTimeInterval(result.executionTime),
+            confirmedMutationCompletedAt: result.desktopMutationCompletedAt,
+            preservationAllowed: result.desktopMutationPreservationAllowed ?? true
+        )
+    }
+
     @MainActor
     private func printSummary(_ result: ScriptExecutionResult) {
         if result.success {

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/SpaceCommand+MoveWindow.swift

@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ struct MoveWindowSubcommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, Output
             let spaceService = SpaceCommandEnvironment.service
 
             if self.toCurrent {
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 try await spaceService.moveWindowToCurrentSpace(windowID: windowID)
                 AutomationEventLogger.log(
                     .space,
@@ -119,6 +120,7 @@ struct MoveWindowSubcommand: ApplicationResolvable, ErrorHandlingCommand, Output
             }
 
             let targetSpace = spaces[spaceNum - 1]
+            self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
             try await spaceService.moveWindowToSpace(windowID: windowID, spaceID: targetSpace.id)
             if self.follow {
                 try await spaceService.switchToSpace(targetSpace.id)

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/SpaceCommand+Switch.swift

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ struct SwitchSubcommand: ErrorHandlingCommand, OutputFormattable {
             }
 
             let targetSpace = spaces[self.to - 1]
+            self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
             try await spaceService.switchToSpace(targetSpace.id)
             AutomationEventLogger.log(
                 .space,

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/WindowCommand+Focus.swift

@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ extension WindowCommand {
                 guard hasWindowTarget || snapshotContext != nil else { preconditionFailure("validated above") }
 
                 // Use enhanced focus with space support
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 if let windowID = windowInfo?.windowID {
                     try await ensureFocused(
                         windowID: CGWindowID(windowID),
@@ -117,6 +118,11 @@ extension WindowCommand {
                 } else {
                     throw ValidationError("Either --app, --pid, --window-id, or --snapshot must be specified")
                 }
+                await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+                    targets: self.resolvedRuntime.interactionMutationTargets,
+                    logger: self.logger,
+                    reason: "window focus"
+                )
 
                 let refreshedWindowInfo: ServiceWindowInfo? = if hasWindowTarget {
                     await self.windowOptions.refetchWindowInfo(
@@ -141,12 +147,6 @@ extension WindowCommand {
                         expectedApp: appInfo
                     )
                 }
-                await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutationOrLatest(
-                    observation,
-                    snapshots: self.services.snapshots,
-                    logger: self.logger,
-                    reason: "window focus"
-                )
                 logWindowAction(
                     action: "focus",
                     appName: appName,

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/WindowCommand+Geometry.swift

@@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ extension WindowCommand {
 
                 // Move the window
                 let newOrigin = CGPoint(x: x, y: y)
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 try await WindowServiceBridge.moveWindow(windows: self.services.windows, target: target, to: newOrigin)
                 await invalidateLatestSnapshotAfterWindowMutation(
-                    services: self.services,
-                    logger: self.logger,
+                    runtime: self.resolvedRuntime,
                     reason: "window move"
                 )
 
@@ -180,10 +180,10 @@ extension WindowCommand {
 
                 // Resize the window
                 let newSize = CGSize(width: width, height: height)
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 try await WindowServiceBridge.resizeWindow(windows: self.services.windows, target: target, to: newSize)
                 await invalidateLatestSnapshotAfterWindowMutation(
-                    services: self.services,
-                    logger: self.logger,
+                    runtime: self.resolvedRuntime,
                     reason: "window resize"
                 )
 
@@ -284,14 +284,14 @@ extension WindowCommand {
 
                 // Set bounds
                 let newBounds = CGRect(x: x, y: y, width: width, height: height)
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 try await WindowServiceBridge.setWindowBounds(
                     windows: self.services.windows,
                     target: target,
                     bounds: newBounds
                 )
                 await invalidateLatestSnapshotAfterWindowMutation(
-                    services: self.services,
-                    logger: self.logger,
+                    runtime: self.resolvedRuntime,
                     reason: "window set-bounds"
                 )
 

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/WindowCommand+State.swift

@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ extension WindowCommand {
                 }
 
                 // Perform the action
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 try await WindowServiceBridge.closeWindow(windows: self.services.windows, target: target)
                 await invalidateLatestSnapshotAfterWindowMutation(
-                    services: self.services,
-                    logger: self.logger,
+                    runtime: self.resolvedRuntime,
                     reason: "window close"
                 )
 
@@ -137,10 +137,10 @@ extension WindowCommand {
                 }
 
                 // Perform the action
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 try await WindowServiceBridge.minimizeWindow(windows: self.services.windows, target: target)
                 await invalidateLatestSnapshotAfterWindowMutation(
-                    services: self.services,
-                    logger: self.logger,
+                    runtime: self.resolvedRuntime,
                     reason: "window minimize"
                 )
                 logWindowAction(
@@ -218,10 +218,10 @@ extension WindowCommand {
                 }
 
                 // Perform the action
+                self.resolvedRuntime.beginInteractionMutation()
                 try await WindowServiceBridge.maximizeWindow(windows: self.services.windows, target: target)
                 await invalidateLatestSnapshotAfterWindowMutation(
-                    services: self.services,
-                    logger: self.logger,
+                    runtime: self.resolvedRuntime,
                     reason: "window maximize"
                 )
                 logWindowAction(

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Commands/System/WindowCommand+Support.swift

@@ -177,13 +177,12 @@ func logWindowAction(
 
 @MainActor
 func invalidateLatestSnapshotAfterWindowMutation(
-    services: any PeekabooServiceProviding,
-    logger: Logger,
+    runtime: CommandRuntime,
     reason: String
 ) async {
-    await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateLatestSnapshot(
-        using: services.snapshots,
-        logger: logger,
+    await InteractionObservationInvalidator.invalidateAfterMutation(
+        targets: runtime.interactionMutationTargets,
+        logger: runtime.logger,
         reason: reason
     )
 }

Apps/CLI/Sources/PeekabooCLI/Helpers/PermissionHelpers.swift

@@ -77,7 +77,11 @@ enum PermissionHelpers {
                 if resolvedOverride == nil {
                     guard let role = DaemonLaunchPolicy.implicitRuntimeCandidateRole(
                         socketPath: socketPath,
-                        daemonSocketPath: DaemonLaunchPolicy.daemonSocketPath(environment: environment)
+                        daemonSocketPath: DaemonLaunchPolicy.daemonSocketPath(environment: environment),
+                        buildScopedDaemonSocketPath: DaemonLaunchPolicy.buildScopedDaemonSocketPath(
+                            daemonSocketPath: DaemonLaunchPolicy.daemonSocketPath(environment: environment),
+                            runtimeBuildIdentity: DaemonLaunchPolicy.runtimeBuildIdentity()
+                        )
                     ) else {
                         continue
                     }
@@ -112,7 +116,11 @@ enum PermissionHelpers {
         guard DaemonLaunchPolicy.shouldMigrateLegacyDaemon(targetSocketPath: daemonPath) else {
             return [daemonPath]
         }
-        return [daemonPath, PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath]
+        let buildScopedPath = DaemonLaunchPolicy.buildScopedDaemonSocketPath(
+            daemonSocketPath: daemonPath,
+            runtimeBuildIdentity: DaemonLaunchPolicy.runtimeBuildIdentity()
+        )
+        return [daemonPath, buildScopedPath, PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath].compactMap(\.self)
     }
 
     /// Get current permission status for all Peekaboo permissions
@@ -121,7 +129,7 @@ enum PermissionHelpers {
         allowRemote: Bool = true,
         socketPath: String? = nil
     ) async -> [PermissionInfo] {
-        let response = await self.getCurrentPermissionsWithSource(
+        let response = await getCurrentPermissionsWithSource(
             services: services,
             allowRemote: allowRemote,
             socketPath: socketPath
@@ -137,7 +145,7 @@ enum PermissionHelpers {
     ) async -> PermissionStatusResponse {
         // Prefer remote host when available so sandboxes can reuse existing TCC grants.
         let remoteStatus = allowRemote
-            ? await self.remotePermissionsStatus(services: services, socketPath: socketPath)
+            ? await remotePermissionsStatus(services: services, socketPath: socketPath)
             : nil
 
         let status: PermissionsStatus
@@ -158,9 +166,9 @@ enum PermissionHelpers {
         socketPath: String? = nil
     ) async -> PermissionSourcesResponse {
         let remoteStatus = allowRemote
-            ? await self.remotePermissionsStatus(services: services, socketPath: socketPath)
+            ? await remotePermissionsStatus(services: services, socketPath: socketPath)
             : nil
-        let localStatus = await self.localPermissionsStatus(services: services)
+        let localStatus = await localPermissionsStatus(services: services)
         let selectedSource = remoteStatus != nil ? "bridge" : "local"
         var sources: [PermissionSourceStatus] = []
 
@@ -224,7 +232,8 @@ enum PermissionHelpers {
 
     @MainActor
     static func requestEventSynthesizingPermission(
-        services: any PeekabooServiceProviding
+        services: any PeekabooServiceProviding,
+        runtime: CommandRuntime
     ) async throws -> EventSynthesizingPermissionRequestResult {
         if let remoteServices = services as? RemotePeekabooServices {
             let status = try await remoteServices.permissionsStatus()
@@ -239,7 +248,9 @@ enum PermissionHelpers {
             }
 
             do {
-                let granted = try await remoteServices.requestPostEventPermission()
+                let granted = try await self.performInteractivePermissionRequest(using: runtime) {
+                    try await remoteServices.requestPostEventPermission()
+                }
                 return .init(
                     action: "request-event-synthesizing",
                     source: "bridge",
@@ -263,7 +274,9 @@ enum PermissionHelpers {
             )
         }
 
-        let granted = permissions.requestPostEventPermission(interactive: true)
+        let granted = await self.performInteractivePermissionRequest(using: runtime) {
+            permissions.requestPostEventPermission(interactive: true)
+        }
         return .init(
             action: "request-event-synthesizing",
             source: "local",
@@ -273,6 +286,15 @@ enum PermissionHelpers {
         )
     }
 
+    @MainActor
+    static func performInteractivePermissionRequest<T>(
+        using runtime: CommandRuntime,
+        _ request: @MainActor () async throws -> T
+    ) async rethrows -> T {
+        runtime.beginInteractionMutation()
+        return try await request()
+    }
+
     /// Format permission status for display
     static func formatPermissionStatus(_ permission: PermissionInfo) -> String {
         let status = permission.isGranted ? "Granted" : "Not Granted"
@@ -297,7 +319,7 @@ enum PermissionHelpers {
         services: any PeekabooServiceProviding
     ) async -> String {
         // Format permissions for help display with dynamic status
-        let permissions = await self.getCurrentPermissions(services: services)
+        let permissions = await getCurrentPermissions(services: services)
         var output = ["PERMISSIONS:"]
 
         for permission in permissions {

Apps/CLI/Sources/Resources/Info.plist

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 	<key>CFBundleName</key>
 	<string>Peekaboo</string>
 	<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-	<string>3.5.0</string>
+	<string>3.5.3</string>
 	<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
-	<string>3.5.0</string>
+	<string>3.5.3</string>
 	<key>LSMinimumSystemVersion</key>
 	<string>15.0</string>
 	<key>LSUIElement</key>
@@ -23,6 +23,6 @@
 	<key>NSScreenCaptureUsageDescription</key>
 	<string>Peekaboo needs screen recording permission to capture screenshots and analyze window content.</string>
 	<key>PeekabooVersionDisplayString</key>
-	<string>Peekaboo 3.5.0</string>
+	<string>Peekaboo 3.5.3</string>
 </dict>
 </plist>

Apps/CLI/Sources/Resources/version.json

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 {
-  "version": "3.5.0"
+  "version": "3.5.3"
 }

Apps/CLI/TestHost/Info.plist

@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
     <key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
     <string>APPL</string>
     <key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-    <string>3.5.0</string>
+    <string>3.5.3</string>
     <key>CFBundleVersion</key>
-    <string>3.5.0</string>
+    <string>3.5.3</string>
     <key>LSMinimumSystemVersion</key>
     <string>13.0</string>
     <key>NSMainStoryboardFile</key>

Apps/CLI/Tests/CLIAutomationTests/ClickCommandTests.swift

@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ struct ClickCommandTests {
 
     @Test
     func `Click command  parses coordinates correctly`() async throws {
-        let context = await self.makeContext()
+        let context = await makeContext()
         let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
             ["click", "--coords", "100,200", "--foreground", "--json"],
             services: context.services
         )
 
         #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
-        let calls = await self.automationState(context) { $0.clickCalls }
+        let calls = await automationState(context) { $0.clickCalls }
         let call = try #require(calls.first)
         if case let .coordinates(point) = call.target {
             #expect(point == CGPoint(x: 100, y: 200))
@@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ struct ClickCommandTests {
 
     @Test
     func `Click command defaults to background coordinate clicks when pid is supplied`() async throws {
-        let context = await self.makeContext()
+        let context = await makeContext()
         let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
             ["click", "--coords", "100,200", "--pid", "12345", "--global-coords", "--json"],
             services: context.services
         )
 
         #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
-        let calls = await self.automationState(context) { $0.targetedClickCalls }
+        let calls = await automationState(context) { $0.targetedClickCalls }
         let call = try #require(calls.first)
         if case let .coordinates(point) = call.target {
             #expect(point == CGPoint(x: 100, y: 200))
@@ -59,18 +59,65 @@ struct ClickCommandTests {
             Issue.record("Expected coordinates click target")
         }
         #expect(call.targetProcessIdentifier == 12345)
+        #expect(call.targetWindowID == nil)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Click command pins background coordinate clicks to exact window`() async throws {
+        let application = Self.makeApplication()
+        let selectedWindow = Self.makeWindow(id: 42, title: "Editor", index: 0)
+        let context = await makeContext(application: application, windows: [selectedWindow])
+
+        let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+            ["click", "--coords", "10,10", "--window-id", "42", "--json"],
+            services: context.services
+        )
+
+        #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
+        let calls = await automationState(context) { $0.targetedClickCalls }
+        let call = try #require(calls.first)
+        if case let .coordinates(point) = call.target {
+            #expect(point == CGPoint(x: 20, y: 30))
+        } else {
+            Issue.record("Expected coordinates click target")
+        }
+        #expect(call.targetProcessIdentifier == application.processIdentifier)
+        #expect(call.targetWindowID == selectedWindow.windowID)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Click command preserves exact window routing for global coordinates`() async throws {
+        let application = Self.makeApplication()
+        let selectedWindow = Self.makeWindow(id: 42, title: "Editor", index: 0)
+        let context = await makeContext(application: application, windows: [selectedWindow])
+
+        let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+            ["click", "--coords", "100,200", "--window-id", "42", "--global-coords", "--json"],
+            services: context.services
+        )
+
+        #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
+        let calls = await automationState(context) { $0.targetedClickCalls }
+        let call = try #require(calls.first)
+        if case let .coordinates(point) = call.target {
+            #expect(point == CGPoint(x: 100, y: 200))
+        } else {
+            Issue.record("Expected coordinates click target")
+        }
+        #expect(call.targetProcessIdentifier == application.processIdentifier)
+        #expect(call.targetWindowID == selectedWindow.windowID)
     }
 
     @Test
     func `Click command default element click uses cached snapshot without waiting`() async throws {
-        let context = await self.makeContext()
+        let context = await makeContext()
         let element = DetectedElement(
             id: "B1",
             type: .button,
             label: "Save",
             bounds: CGRect(x: 20, y: 30, width: 80, height: 30)
         )
-        let snapshotId = try await self.storeSnapshot(element: element, in: context.snapshots)
+        let snapshotId = try await storeSnapshot(element: element, in: context.snapshots)
 
         let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
             ["click", "--on", "B1", "--snapshot", snapshotId, "--json"],
@@ -78,8 +125,8 @@ struct ClickCommandTests {
         )
 
         #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
-        let waitCalls = await self.automationState(context) { $0.waitForElementCalls }
-        let calls = await self.automationState(context) { $0.targetedClickCalls }
+        let waitCalls = await automationState(context) { $0.waitForElementCalls }
+        let calls = await automationState(context) { $0.targetedClickCalls }
         #expect(waitCalls.isEmpty)
         let call = try #require(calls.first)
         #expect(call.snapshotId == snapshotId)
@@ -93,14 +140,14 @@ struct ClickCommandTests {
 
     @Test
     func `Click command default query click resolves cached snapshot without waiting`() async throws {
-        let context = await self.makeContext()
+        let context = await makeContext()
         let element = DetectedElement(
             id: "B1",
             type: .button,
             label: "Save",
             bounds: CGRect(x: 20, y: 30, width: 80, height: 30)
         )
-        let snapshotId = try await self.storeSnapshot(element: element, in: context.snapshots)
+        let snapshotId = try await storeSnapshot(element: element, in: context.snapshots)
 
         let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
             ["click", "Save", "--snapshot", snapshotId, "--json"],
@@ -108,8 +155,8 @@ struct ClickCommandTests {
         )
 
         #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
-        let waitCalls = await self.automationState(context) { $0.waitForElementCalls }
-        let calls = await self.automationState(context) { $0.targetedClickCalls }
+        let waitCalls = await automationState(context) { $0.waitForElementCalls }
+        let calls = await automationState(context) { $0.targetedClickCalls }
         #expect(waitCalls.isEmpty)
         let call = try #require(calls.first)
         #expect(call.snapshotId == snapshotId)
@@ -122,15 +169,248 @@ struct ClickCommandTests {
     }
 
     @Test
-    func `Click command reuses latest snapshot for element lookup with app target`() async throws {
-        let context = await self.makeContext()
+    func `Background click lookup failures preserve the implicit latest snapshot`() async throws {
+        let testCases = [
+            ["--on", "missing"],
+            ["Missing query"],
+            ["--on", "B1", "--app", "MissingApp"],
+        ]
+
+        for arguments in testCases {
+            let context = await makeContext()
+            let element = DetectedElement(
+                id: "B1",
+                type: .button,
+                label: "Save",
+                bounds: CGRect(x: 20, y: 30, width: 80, height: 30)
+            )
+            let snapshotId = try await storeSnapshot(element: element, in: context.snapshots)
+
+            let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+                ["click"] + arguments + ["--snapshot", snapshotId, "--json"],
+                services: context.services
+            )
+
+            #expect(result.exitStatus == 1)
+            #expect(context.snapshots.invalidationCutoffs.isEmpty)
+            #expect(await context.snapshots.getMostRecentSnapshot() == snapshotId)
+            let calls = await automationState(context) { $0.targetedClickCalls }
+            #expect(calls.isEmpty)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Click command pins element and query clicks to matching window selectors`() async throws {
+        let application = Self.makeApplication()
+        let otherWindow = Self.makeWindow(id: 41, title: "Other", index: 0)
+        let selectedWindow = Self.makeWindow(id: 42, title: "Editor", index: 1)
+        let testCases = [
+            (target: ["--on", "B1"], selector: ["--window-id", "42"]),
+            (target: ["Save"], selector: ["--app", application.name, "--window-title", "Editor"]),
+            (target: ["--on", "B1"], selector: ["--app", application.name, "--window-index", "1"]),
+        ]
+
+        for testCase in testCases {
+            let context = await makeContext(application: application, windows: [otherWindow, selectedWindow])
+            let element = DetectedElement(
+                id: "B1",
+                type: .button,
+                label: "Save",
+                bounds: CGRect(x: 20, y: 30, width: 80, height: 30)
+            )
+            let snapshotId = try await storeSnapshot(
+                element: element,
+                windowID: selectedWindow.windowID,
+                windowTitle: selectedWindow.title,
+                in: context.snapshots
+            )
+
+            let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+                ["click"] + testCase.target + ["--snapshot", snapshotId, "--json"] + testCase.selector,
+                services: context.services
+            )
+
+            #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
+            let calls = await automationState(context) { $0.targetedClickCalls }
+            let call = try #require(calls.first)
+            #expect(calls.count == 1)
+            #expect(call.snapshotId == snapshotId)
+            #expect(call.targetProcessIdentifier == application.processIdentifier)
+            #expect(call.targetWindowID == selectedWindow.windowID)
+            if case let .elementId(id) = call.target {
+                #expect(id == "B1")
+            } else {
+                Issue.record("Expected exact cached element target")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Click command rejects window selectors that contradict cached snapshot`() async throws {
+        let application = Self.makeApplication()
+        let selectedWindow = Self.makeWindow(id: 41, title: "Other", index: 0)
+        let snapshotWindow = Self.makeWindow(id: 42, title: "Editor", index: 1)
+        let testCases = [
+            (target: ["--on", "B1"], selector: ["--window-id", "41"]),
+            (target: ["Save"], selector: ["--app", application.name, "--window-title", "Other"]),
+            (target: ["--on", "B1"], selector: ["--app", application.name, "--window-index", "0"]),
+        ]
+
+        for testCase in testCases {
+            let context = await makeContext(application: application, windows: [selectedWindow, snapshotWindow])
+            let element = DetectedElement(
+                id: "B1",
+                type: .button,
+                label: "Save",
+                bounds: CGRect(x: 20, y: 30, width: 80, height: 30)
+            )
+            let snapshotId = try await storeSnapshot(
+                element: element,
+                windowID: snapshotWindow.windowID,
+                windowTitle: snapshotWindow.title,
+                in: context.snapshots
+            )
+
+            let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+                ["click"] + testCase.target + ["--snapshot", snapshotId, "--json"] + testCase.selector,
+                services: context.services
+            )
+
+            #expect(result.exitStatus == 1)
+            #expect(result.combinedOutput.contains("window 42"))
+            #expect(result.combinedOutput.contains("window 41"))
+            let calls = await automationState(context) { $0.targetedClickCalls }
+            #expect(calls.isEmpty)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Click command rejects window selector when snapshot has no exact window`() async throws {
+        let application = Self.makeApplication()
+        let selectedWindow = Self.makeWindow(id: 42, title: "Editor", index: 0)
+        let context = await makeContext(application: application, windows: [selectedWindow])
         let element = DetectedElement(
             id: "B1",
             type: .button,
             label: "Save",
             bounds: CGRect(x: 20, y: 30, width: 80, height: 30)
         )
-        let snapshotId = try await self.storeSnapshot(element: element, in: context.snapshots)
+        let snapshotId = try await storeSnapshot(element: element, in: context.snapshots)
+
+        let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+            ["click", "--on", "B1", "--snapshot", snapshotId, "--window-id", "42", "--json"],
+            services: context.services
+        )
+
+        #expect(result.exitStatus == 1)
+        #expect(result.combinedOutput.contains("does not identify an exact window"))
+        let calls = await automationState(context) { $0.targetedClickCalls }
+        #expect(calls.isEmpty)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Foreground click accepts legacy snapshot without exact window metadata`() async throws {
+        let application = Self.makeApplication()
+        let selectedWindow = Self.makeWindow(id: 42, title: "Editor", index: 0)
+        let context = await makeContext(application: application, windows: [selectedWindow])
+        let element = DetectedElement(
+            id: "B1",
+            type: .button,
+            label: "Save",
+            bounds: CGRect(x: 20, y: 30, width: 80, height: 30)
+        )
+        let snapshotId = try await storeSnapshot(element: element, in: context.snapshots)
+        await MainActor.run {
+            context.automation.setWaitForElementResult(
+                WaitForElementResult(found: true, element: element, waitTime: 0),
+                for: .elementId("B1")
+            )
+        }
+
+        let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+            [
+                "click", "--on", "B1", "--snapshot", snapshotId,
+                "--window-id", "42", "--foreground", "--no-auto-focus", "--json",
+            ],
+            services: context.services
+        )
+
+        #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
+        let foregroundCalls = await automationState(context) { $0.clickCalls }
+        let backgroundCalls = await automationState(context) { $0.targetedClickCalls }
+        #expect(foregroundCalls.count == 1)
+        #expect(backgroundCalls.isEmpty)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Click command succeeds when post-click diagnostics become stale`() async throws {
+        let context = await makeContext()
+        let element = DetectedElement(
+            id: "B1",
+            type: .button,
+            label: "Close",
+            bounds: CGRect(x: 20, y: 30, width: 80, height: 30)
+        )
+        let snapshotId = try await storeSnapshot(element: element, in: context.snapshots)
+        context.snapshots.uiAutomationSnapshotError = .snapshotStale("target changed after click")
+
+        let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+            ["click", "--on", "B1", "--snapshot", snapshotId, "--json"],
+            services: context.services
+        )
+
+        #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
+        let calls = await automationState(context) { $0.targetedClickCalls }
+        #expect(calls.count == 1)
+        #expect(context.snapshots.invalidationCutoffs.count == 1)
+        #expect(await context.snapshots.getMostRecentSnapshot() == nil)
+        #expect(try await context.snapshots.getDetectionResult(snapshotId: snapshotId) != nil)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Foreground click failure after focus invalidates latest snapshot`() async throws {
+        let application = ServiceApplicationInfo(
+            processIdentifier: 12345,
+            bundleIdentifier: "com.example.peekaboo-focus-mutation-fixture",
+            name: "PeekabooFocusMutationFixture",
+            isActive: false,
+            windowCount: 0,
+            activationPolicy: .regular
+        )
+        let context = await makeContext(application: application)
+        let element = DetectedElement(
+            id: "B1",
+            type: .button,
+            label: "Save",
+            bounds: CGRect(x: 20, y: 30, width: 80, height: 30)
+        )
+        let snapshotId = try await storeSnapshot(element: element, in: context.snapshots)
+
+        let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+            [
+                "click", "--on", "B1", "--snapshot", snapshotId,
+                "--app", application.name, "--foreground", "--json",
+            ],
+            services: context.services
+        )
+
+        #expect(result.exitStatus == 1)
+        let applications = try #require(context.services.applications as? StubApplicationService)
+        #expect(applications.activateCalls == [application.name])
+        #expect(context.snapshots.invalidationCutoffs.count == 1)
+        #expect(await context.snapshots.getMostRecentSnapshot() == nil)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Click command reuses latest snapshot for element lookup with app target`() async throws {
+        let context = await makeContext()
+        let element = DetectedElement(
+            id: "B1",
+            type: .button,
+            label: "Save",
+            bounds: CGRect(x: 20, y: 30, width: 80, height: 30)
+        )
+        let snapshotId = try await storeSnapshot(element: element, in: context.snapshots)
         await MainActor.run {
             context.automation.setWaitForElementResult(
                 WaitForElementResult(found: true, element: element, waitTime: 0),
@@ -144,19 +424,39 @@ struct ClickCommandTests {
         )
 
         #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
-        let waitCalls = await self.automationState(context) { $0.waitForElementCalls }
-        let clickCalls = await self.automationState(context) { $0.clickCalls }
+        let waitCalls = await automationState(context) { $0.waitForElementCalls }
+        let clickCalls = await automationState(context) { $0.clickCalls }
         #expect(waitCalls.first?.snapshotId == snapshotId)
         #expect(clickCalls.first?.snapshotId == snapshotId)
     }
 
-    private func makeContext() async -> TestServicesFactory.AutomationTestContext {
+    private func makeContext(
+        application: ServiceApplicationInfo? = nil,
+        windows: [ServiceWindowInfo] = []
+    ) async -> TestServicesFactory.AutomationTestContext {
         await MainActor.run {
-            TestServicesFactory.makeAutomationTestContext()
+            let applications = application.map { [$0] } ?? []
+            var windowsByApp: [String: [ServiceWindowInfo]] = [:]
+            if let application {
+                windowsByApp[application.name] = windows
+                windowsByApp["PID:\(application.processIdentifier)"] = windows
+                if let bundleIdentifier = application.bundleIdentifier {
+                    windowsByApp[bundleIdentifier] = windows
+                }
+            }
+            return TestServicesFactory.makeAutomationTestContext(
+                applications: StubApplicationService(applications: applications, windowsByApp: windowsByApp),
+                windows: StubWindowService(windowsByApp: windowsByApp)
+            )
         }
     }
 
-    private func storeSnapshot(element: DetectedElement, in snapshots: StubSnapshotManager) async throws -> String {
+    private func storeSnapshot(
+        element: DetectedElement,
+        windowID: Int? = nil,
+        windowTitle: String? = nil,
+        in snapshots: StubSnapshotManager
+    ) async throws -> String {
         let snapshotId = try await snapshots.createSnapshot()
         let detection = ElementDetectionResult(
             snapshotId: snapshotId,
@@ -169,7 +469,9 @@ struct ClickCommandTests {
                 windowContext: WindowContext(
                     applicationName: "TestApp",
                     applicationBundleId: "com.example.test",
-                    applicationProcessId: 12345
+                    applicationProcessId: 12345,
+                    windowTitle: windowTitle,
+                    windowID: windowID
                 )
             )
         )
@@ -177,6 +479,27 @@ struct ClickCommandTests {
         return snapshotId
     }
 
+    private static func makeApplication() -> ServiceApplicationInfo {
+        ServiceApplicationInfo(
+            processIdentifier: 12345,
+            bundleIdentifier: "com.example.test",
+            name: "TestApp",
+            isActive: false,
+            windowCount: 2,
+            activationPolicy: .regular
+        )
+    }
+
+    private static func makeWindow(id: Int, title: String, index: Int) -> ServiceWindowInfo {
+        ServiceWindowInfo(
+            windowID: id,
+            title: title,
+            bounds: CGRect(x: 10, y: 20, width: 400, height: 300),
+            isMainWindow: index == 0,
+            index: index
+        )
+    }
+
     private func automationState<T: Sendable>(
         _ context: TestServicesFactory.AutomationTestContext,
         _ operation: @MainActor (StubAutomationService) -> T

Apps/CLI/Tests/CLIAutomationTests/ClipboardCommandTests.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import Foundation
+import PeekabooAutomationKit
+import Testing
+@testable import PeekabooCLI
+
+@Suite(.tags(.safe), .serialized)
+struct ClipboardCommandTests {
+    @Test
+    @MainActor
+    func `Clipboard set invalidates implicit latest only after marking the mutation`() async throws {
+        let snapshots = StubSnapshotManager()
+        let originalSnapshot = try await snapshots.createSnapshot()
+        let clipboard = StubClipboardService()
+        let tracker = InteractionMutationTracker()
+        var mutationWasMarkedBeforeWrite = false
+        clipboard.beforeMutation = {
+            mutationWasMarkedBeforeWrite = tracker.mutationStartedAt != nil
+        }
+        let services = TestServicesFactory.makePeekabooServices(
+            snapshots: snapshots,
+            clipboard: clipboard
+        )
+        let runtime = CommandRuntime(
+            configuration: .init(
+                verbose: false,
+                jsonOutput: true,
+                logLevel: nil,
+                captureEnginePreference: nil,
+                inputStrategy: nil
+            ),
+            services: services,
+            interactionMutationTracker: tracker
+        )
+        var command = try ClipboardCommand.parse(["set", "--text", "updated", "--json"])
+
+        try await CommanderRuntimeExecutor.runWithImplicitSnapshotInvalidation(
+            using: runtime,
+            required: true,
+            requiresCallerBarrier: true
+        ) {
+            try await command.run(using: runtime)
+        }
+
+        #expect(mutationWasMarkedBeforeWrite)
+        #expect(await snapshots.getMostRecentSnapshot() == nil)
+        #expect(try await snapshots.listSnapshots().map(\.id) == [originalSnapshot])
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @MainActor
+    func `Clipboard get leaves implicit latest unchanged`() async throws {
+        let snapshots = StubSnapshotManager()
+        let originalSnapshot = try await snapshots.createSnapshot()
+        let clipboard = StubClipboardService()
+        clipboard.current = ClipboardReadResult(
+            utiIdentifier: "public.utf8-plain-text",
+            data: Data("current".utf8),
+            textPreview: "current"
+        )
+        let services = TestServicesFactory.makePeekabooServices(
+            snapshots: snapshots,
+            clipboard: clipboard
+        )
+        let runtime = CommandRuntime(
+            configuration: .init(
+                verbose: false,
+                jsonOutput: true,
+                logLevel: nil,
+                captureEnginePreference: nil,
+                inputStrategy: nil
+            ),
+            services: services
+        )
+        var command = try ClipboardCommand.parse(["get", "--json"])
+
+        try await command.run(using: runtime)
+
+        #expect(await snapshots.getMostRecentSnapshot() == originalSnapshot)
+        #expect(snapshots.invalidationCutoffs.isEmpty)
+    }
+}

Apps/CLI/Tests/CLIAutomationTests/CommanderRuntimeOutputDeferralTests.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+import Darwin
+import Foundation
+import PeekabooCore
+import PeekabooFoundation
+import Testing
+@testable import PeekabooCLI
+
+@MainActor
+@Suite(.serialized)
+struct CommanderRuntimeOutputDeferralTests {
+    private let clickArguments = [
+        "click", "--coords", "100,200", "--pid", "12345", "--global-coords",
+    ]
+
+    @Test
+    func `Process output gate serializes concurrent async regions`() async throws {
+        let gate = InProcessRunGate()
+        let probe = ConcurrentRegionProbe()
+
+        try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: Void.self) { group in
+            for _ in 0..<8 {
+                group.addTask {
+                    try await gate.run {
+                        await probe.enter()
+                        try await Task.sleep(for: .milliseconds(5))
+                        await probe.leave()
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            try await group.waitForAll()
+        }
+
+        #expect(await probe.maximumActiveRegions == 1)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Cancelled output gate waiter does not run or block its successor`() async throws {
+        let gate = InProcessRunGate()
+        let holderStarted = AsyncTestLatch()
+        let releaseHolder = AsyncTestLatch()
+        let probe = ConcurrentRegionProbe()
+
+        let holder = Task {
+            try await gate.run {
+                await holderStarted.open()
+                await releaseHolder.wait()
+            }
+        }
+        await holderStarted.wait()
+
+        let cancelledWaiter = Task {
+            try await gate.run {
+                await probe.markCancelledRegionRan()
+            }
+        }
+        cancelledWaiter.cancel()
+        let successor = Task {
+            try await gate.run { 42 }
+        }
+
+        await releaseHolder.open()
+        try await holder.value
+        await #expect(throws: CancellationError.self) {
+            try await cancelledWaiter.value
+        }
+        #expect(try await successor.value == 42)
+        #expect(await probe.cancelledRegionRan == false)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Deferred output preserves original terminal capabilities`() async throws {
+        let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.withExclusiveProcessOutput {
+            var controllerFD: Int32 = -1
+            var terminalFD: Int32 = -1
+            var size = winsize()
+            size.ws_col = 132
+            size.ws_row = 43
+            guard openpty(&controllerFD, &terminalFD, nil, nil, &size) == 0 else {
+                throw POSIXError(POSIXErrorCode(rawValue: errno) ?? .EIO)
+            }
+            defer {
+                close(controllerFD)
+                close(terminalFD)
+            }
+
+            let originalStdout = dup(STDOUT_FILENO)
+            guard originalStdout != -1 else {
+                throw POSIXError(POSIXErrorCode(rawValue: errno) ?? .EIO)
+            }
+            _ = fflush(nil)
+            guard dup2(terminalFD, STDOUT_FILENO) != -1 else {
+                let code = POSIXErrorCode(rawValue: errno) ?? .EIO
+                close(originalStdout)
+                throw POSIXError(code)
+            }
+            defer {
+                _ = fflush(nil)
+                _ = dup2(originalStdout, STDOUT_FILENO)
+                close(originalStdout)
+            }
+
+            return try await DeferredCommandOutput.run(bufferingOutput: true) {
+                let rawDescriptorIsInteractive = isatty(STDOUT_FILENO) != 0
+                let capabilities = await MainActor.run {
+                    let detected = TerminalDetector.detectCapabilities()
+                    return (
+                        detected.isInteractive,
+                        detected.isPiped,
+                        detected.width,
+                        detected.height
+                    )
+                }
+                return (
+                    rawDescriptorIsInteractive,
+                    capabilities.0,
+                    capabilities.1,
+                    capabilities.2,
+                    capabilities.3
+                )
+            }
+        }
+
+        #expect(!result.0)
+        #expect(result.1)
+        #expect(!result.2)
+        #expect(result.3 == 132)
+        #expect(result.4 == 43)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `JSON success is replayed with one warning when snapshot cleanup fails`() async throws {
+        let context = TestServicesFactory.makeAutomationTestContext()
+        context.snapshots.invalidationError = PeekabooError.operationError(
+            message: "invalidation unavailable"
+        )
+
+        let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+            self.clickArguments + ["--json"],
+            services: context.services
+        )
+
+        #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
+        #expect(result.stderr == "\(CommanderRuntimeExecutorMessage.snapshotInvalidationWarning)\n")
+        let output = try Self.parseJSONObject(result.stdout)
+        #expect(output["success"] as? Bool == true)
+        #expect(context.snapshots.invalidationCutoffs.count == 2)
+        #expect(context.snapshots.invalidationCutoffs.first == context.snapshots.invalidationCutoffs.last)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Text success is replayed with one warning when snapshot cleanup fails`() async throws {
+        let context = TestServicesFactory.makeAutomationTestContext()
+        context.snapshots.invalidationError = PeekabooError.operationError(
+            message: "invalidation unavailable"
+        )
+
+        let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+            self.clickArguments,
+            services: context.services
+        )
+
+        #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
+        #expect(result.stdout.contains("Click successful"))
+        #expect(!result.stderr.contains("invalidation unavailable"))
+        #expect(result.stderr == "\(CommanderRuntimeExecutorMessage.snapshotInvalidationWarning)\n")
+        #expect(!result.stderr.contains("Error:"))
+        #expect(context.snapshots.invalidationCutoffs.count == 2)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Successful command output is replayed after snapshot cleanup`() async throws {
+        let context = TestServicesFactory.makeAutomationTestContext()
+
+        let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+            self.clickArguments + ["--json"],
+            services: context.services
+        )
+
+        #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
+        #expect(result.stderr.isEmpty)
+        let output = try Self.parseJSONObject(result.stdout)
+        #expect(output["success"] as? Bool == true)
+        #expect(context.snapshots.invalidationCutoffs.count >= 1)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Failed selected-host catch-up blocks command before side effect`() async throws {
+        let context = TestServicesFactory.makeAutomationTestContext()
+        context.snapshots.effectiveImplicitLatestInvalidationWatermark = Date()
+        context.snapshots.invalidationError = PeekabooError.operationError(
+            message: "host watermark unavailable"
+        )
+
+        let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+            self.clickArguments,
+            services: context.services
+        )
+
+        #expect(result.exitStatus == 1)
+        #expect(context.automation.clickCalls.isEmpty)
+        #expect(context.snapshots.invalidationCutoffs.count == 1)
+        #expect(result.combinedOutput.contains("requested command was not executed"))
+        #expect(result.combinedOutput.contains("retrying later is safe"))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Selected-host catch-up preserves cancellation`() async {
+        let context = TestServicesFactory.makeAutomationTestContext()
+        context.snapshots.effectiveImplicitLatestInvalidationWatermark = Date()
+        context.snapshots.invalidationError = CancellationError()
+        let runtime = CommandRuntime(
+            configuration: .init(verbose: false, jsonOutput: false, logLevel: nil),
+            services: context.services
+        )
+
+        await #expect(throws: CancellationError.self) {
+            try await CommanderRuntimeExecutor.catchUpSelectedHostIfNeeded(
+                using: runtime,
+                required: true
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Pre-cancelled selected-host catch-up cannot reach command execution`() async {
+        let context = TestServicesFactory.makeAutomationTestContext()
+        context.snapshots.effectiveImplicitLatestInvalidationWatermark = Date()
+        let runtime = CommandRuntime(
+            configuration: .init(verbose: false, jsonOutput: false, logLevel: nil),
+            services: context.services
+        )
+        let ready = AsyncTestLatch()
+        let release = AsyncTestLatch()
+
+        let task = Task {
+            await ready.open()
+            await release.wait()
+            try await CommanderRuntimeExecutor.catchUpSelectedHostIfNeeded(
+                using: runtime,
+                required: true
+            )
+        }
+        await ready.wait()
+        task.cancel()
+        await release.open()
+
+        await #expect(throws: CancellationError.self) {
+            try await task.value
+        }
+        #expect(context.snapshots.invalidationCutoffs.isEmpty)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Command without snapshot dependency skips selected-host catch-up`() async throws {
+        let context = TestServicesFactory.makeAutomationTestContext()
+        context.snapshots.effectiveImplicitLatestInvalidationWatermark = Date()
+        context.snapshots.invalidationError = PeekabooError.operationError(
+            message: "must not be consulted"
+        )
+        let runtime = CommandRuntime(
+            configuration: .init(verbose: false, jsonOutput: false, logLevel: nil),
+            services: context.services
+        )
+
+        try await CommanderRuntimeExecutor.catchUpSelectedHostIfNeeded(
+            using: runtime,
+            required: false
+        )
+
+        #expect(context.snapshots.invalidationCutoffs.isEmpty)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Operation error output remains primary when snapshot cleanup also fails`() async throws {
+        let context = TestServicesFactory.makeAutomationTestContext()
+        context.automation.clickError = PeekabooError.operationError(
+            message: "synthetic click failure"
+        )
+        context.snapshots.invalidationError = PeekabooError.operationError(
+            message: "invalidation unavailable"
+        )
+
+        let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+            self.clickArguments + ["--json"],
+            services: context.services
+        )
+
+        #expect(result.exitStatus == 1)
+        #expect(result.stderr.isEmpty)
+        let output = try Self.parseJSONObject(result.stdout)
+        #expect(output["success"] as? Bool == false)
+        let error = try #require(output["error"] as? [String: Any])
+        let message = try #require(error["message"] as? String)
+        #expect(message.contains("synthetic click failure"))
+        #expect(!message.contains("stale UI snapshots"))
+        #expect(context.snapshots.invalidationCutoffs.count == 2)
+    }
+
+    private static func parseJSONObject(_ output: String) throws -> [String: Any] {
+        let data = try #require(output.data(using: .utf8))
+        return try #require(JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as? [String: Any])
+    }
+}
+
+private actor ConcurrentRegionProbe {
+    private var activeRegions = 0
+    private(set) var maximumActiveRegions = 0
+    private(set) var cancelledRegionRan = false
+
+    func enter() {
+        self.activeRegions += 1
+        self.maximumActiveRegions = max(self.maximumActiveRegions, self.activeRegions)
+    }
+
+    func leave() {
+        self.activeRegions -= 1
+    }
+
+    func markCancelledRegionRan() {
+        self.cancelledRegionRan = true
+    }
+}
+
+private actor AsyncTestLatch {
+    private var isOpen = false
+    private var waiters: [CheckedContinuation<Void, Never>] = []
+
+    func wait() async {
+        guard !self.isOpen else { return }
+        await withCheckedContinuation { continuation in
+            self.waiters.append(continuation)
+        }
+    }
+
+    func open() {
+        guard !self.isOpen else { return }
+        self.isOpen = true
+        let waiters = self.waiters
+        self.waiters.removeAll()
+        for waiter in waiters {
+            waiter.resume()
+        }
+    }
+}

Apps/CLI/Tests/CLIAutomationTests/DialogCommandTests.swift

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ struct DialogCommandTests {
         )
 
         let services = self.makeTestServices(dialogs: dialogService)
-        let (output, status) = try await self.runCommand(
+        let (output, status) = try await runCommand(
             ["dialog", "dismiss", "--force", "--json"],
             services: services
         )
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ struct DialogCommandTests {
         let dialogService = StubDialogService(elements: elements)
         let services = self.makeTestServices(dialogs: dialogService)
 
-        let (output, status) = try await self.runCommand(
+        let (output, status) = try await runCommand(
             ["dialog", "list", "--json"],
             services: services
         )
@@ -211,6 +211,37 @@ struct DialogCommandTests {
         #expect(response.data.textFields.first?.placeholder == "File name")
     }
 
+    @Test
+    func `untargeted dialog list leaves latest snapshot eligible`() async throws {
+        let elements = DialogElements(
+            dialogInfo: DialogInfo(
+                title: "Open",
+                role: "AXWindow",
+                subrole: "AXDialog",
+                isFileDialog: true,
+                bounds: .init(x: 0, y: 0, width: 400, height: 300)
+            ),
+            buttons: [],
+            textFields: [],
+            staticTexts: []
+        )
+        let snapshots = StubSnapshotManager()
+        let latestSnapshotID = try await snapshots.createSnapshot()
+        let services = TestServicesFactory.makePeekabooServices(
+            dialogs: StubDialogService(elements: elements),
+            snapshots: snapshots
+        )
+
+        let (_, status) = try await runCommand(
+            ["dialog", "list", "--json"],
+            services: services
+        )
+
+        #expect(status == 0)
+        #expect(snapshots.invalidationCutoffs.isEmpty)
+        #expect(await snapshots.getMostRecentSnapshot() == latestSnapshotID)
+    }
+
     @Test
     func `dialog click emits JSON success when stub succeeds`() async throws {
         let dialogService = await MainActor.run { StubDialogService() }
@@ -235,7 +266,7 @@ struct DialogCommandTests {
         )
         let services = self.makeTestServices(dialogs: dialogService)
 
-        let (output, status) = try await self.runCommand(
+        let (output, status) = try await runCommand(
             ["dialog", "click", "--button", "New Document", "--json"],
             services: services
         )

Apps/CLI/Tests/CLIAutomationTests/FocusCancellationTests.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import PeekabooCore
+import Testing
+@testable import PeekabooCLI
+
+@Suite(.tags(.safe))
+@MainActor
+struct FocusCancellationTests {
+    @Test
+    func `Cancellation during fallback activation propagates after the service returns`() async {
+        let bundleIdentifier = "com.example.focus-cancellation"
+        let application = ServiceApplicationInfo(
+            processIdentifier: 4242,
+            bundleIdentifier: bundleIdentifier,
+            name: "Focus Cancellation"
+        )
+        let applications = StubApplicationService(applications: [application])
+        applications.activateApplicationHandler = { _ in
+            withUnsafeCurrentTask { $0?.cancel() }
+        }
+        let services = TestServicesFactory.makePeekabooServices(applications: applications)
+        let options = FocusOptions(
+            autoFocus: true,
+            focusTimeout: nil,
+            focusRetryCount: nil,
+            spaceSwitch: false,
+            bringToCurrentSpace: false
+        )
+        let task = Task { @MainActor in
+            try await ensureFocused(
+                applicationName: bundleIdentifier,
+                options: options,
+                services: services
+            )
+        }
+
+        await #expect(throws: CancellationError.self) {
+            try await task.value
+        }
+        #expect(applications.activateCalls == [bundleIdentifier])
+    }
+}

Apps/CLI/Tests/CLIAutomationTests/ListCommandTests.swift

@@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ struct ListCommandCLIHarnessTests {
                 windowCount: 1
             ),
         ]
-        let context = await self.makeContext(applications: applications)
+        let context = await makeContext(applications: applications)
 
-        let result = try await self.runList(arguments: ["list", "apps", "--json"], services: context.services)
+        let result = try await runList(arguments: ["list", "apps", "--json"], services: context.services)
         #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
 
-        let data = try #require(self.output(from: result).data(using: .utf8))
+        let data = try #require(output(from: result).data(using: .utf8))
         let payload = try JSONDecoder().decode(CodableJSONResponse<ServiceApplicationListData>.self, from: data)
         #expect(payload.success == true)
         #expect(payload.data.applications.count == 2)
@@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ struct ListCommandCLIHarnessTests {
                 windowCount: 4
             ),
         ]
-        let context = await self.makeContext(applications: applications)
+        let context = await makeContext(applications: applications)
 
-        let result = try await self.runList(arguments: ["list", "apps"], services: context.services)
+        let result = try await runList(arguments: ["list", "apps"], services: context.services)
         #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
-        let output = self.output(from: result)
+        let output = output(from: result)
         #expect(output.contains("Viewer"))
         #expect(output.contains("PID"))
     }
@@ -94,9 +94,9 @@ struct ListCommandCLIHarnessTests {
         let applicationService = await MainActor.run {
             StubApplicationService(applications: applications, windowsByApp: [appName: windows])
         }
-        let context = await self.makeContext(applicationService: applicationService)
+        let context = await makeContext(applicationService: applicationService)
 
-        let result = try await self.runList(
+        let result = try await runList(
             arguments: [
                 "list", "windows",
                 "--app", appName,
@@ -107,14 +107,14 @@ struct ListCommandCLIHarnessTests {
         )
 
         #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
-        let output = self.output(from: result)
+        let output = output(from: result)
         #expect(output.contains("\"windowID\""))
         #expect(output.contains("\"bounds\""))
         #expect(output.contains("\"spaceID\""))
     }
 
     @Test
-    func `list apps fails when screen recording permission missing`() async throws {
+    func `list apps works when screen recording permission is missing`() async throws {
         let applications = [
             ServiceApplicationInfo(
                 processIdentifier: 101,
@@ -127,11 +127,11 @@ struct ListCommandCLIHarnessTests {
         let screenCapture = await MainActor.run {
             StubScreenCaptureService(permissionGranted: false)
         }
-        let context = await self.makeContext(applications: applications, screenCapture: screenCapture)
+        let context = await makeContext(applications: applications, screenCapture: screenCapture)
 
-        let result = try await self.runList(arguments: ["list", "apps"], services: context.services)
-        #expect(result.exitStatus != 0)
-        #expect(self.output(from: result).contains("Screen recording permission"))
+        let result = try await runList(arguments: ["list", "apps"], services: context.services)
+        #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
+        #expect(self.output(from: result).contains("AlphaApp"))
     }
 
     // MARK: - Helpers

Apps/CLI/Tests/CLIAutomationTests/RunCommandTests.swift

@@ -62,6 +62,123 @@ struct RunCommandCLIHarnessTests {
         #expect(process.executeScriptCalls.count == 1)
     }
 
+    @Test
+    func `run command preserves terminal see at its actual boundary`() async throws {
+        let scriptPath = "/tmp/boundary-script.peekaboo.json"
+        let script = PeekabooScript(description: "Boundary script", steps: [
+            ScriptStep(
+                stepId: "sleep",
+                comment: nil,
+                command: "sleep",
+                params: .sleep(.init(duration: 0.01))
+            ),
+            ScriptStep(stepId: "click", comment: nil, command: "click", params: nil),
+            ScriptStep(stepId: "see", comment: nil, command: "see", params: nil),
+            ScriptStep(
+                stepId: "clipboard-get",
+                comment: nil,
+                command: "clipboard",
+                params: .clipboard(.init(action: "get"))
+            ),
+            ScriptStep(
+                stepId: "clipboard-save",
+                comment: nil,
+                command: "clipboard",
+                params: .generic(["action": " SAVE "])
+            ),
+            ScriptStep(
+                stepId: "dock-list",
+                comment: nil,
+                command: "dock",
+                params: .generic(["action": " LIST "])
+            ),
+        ])
+        let snapshots = StubSnapshotManager()
+        let process = StubProcessService()
+        process.scriptsByPath[scriptPath] = script
+        var terminalStartedAt: Date?
+        var freshSnapshotID: String?
+        process.executeScriptProvider = { _, _, _ in
+            _ = try await snapshots.createSnapshot()
+            let observationStartedAt = Date()
+            let snapshotID = try await snapshots.createSnapshot(pendingAt: observationStartedAt)
+            terminalStartedAt = observationStartedAt
+            freshSnapshotID = snapshotID
+            return [
+                StepResult(
+                    stepId: "sleep",
+                    stepNumber: 1,
+                    command: "sleep",
+                    success: true,
+                    output: .success("Slept"),
+                    error: nil,
+                    executionTime: 0.01
+                ),
+                StepResult(
+                    stepId: "click",
+                    stepNumber: 2,
+                    command: "click",
+                    success: true,
+                    output: .success("Clicked"),
+                    error: nil,
+                    executionTime: 0.01
+                ),
+                StepResult(
+                    stepId: "see",
+                    stepNumber: 3,
+                    command: "see",
+                    success: true,
+                    output: .success("Captured"),
+                    error: nil,
+                    executionTime: 0.01,
+                    startedAt: observationStartedAt,
+                    snapshotId: snapshotID
+                ),
+                StepResult(
+                    stepId: "clipboard-get",
+                    stepNumber: 4,
+                    command: "clipboard",
+                    success: true,
+                    output: .success("Read clipboard"),
+                    error: nil,
+                    executionTime: 0.01
+                ),
+                StepResult(
+                    stepId: "clipboard-save",
+                    stepNumber: 5,
+                    command: "clipboard",
+                    success: true,
+                    output: .success("Saved clipboard"),
+                    error: nil,
+                    executionTime: 0.01
+                ),
+                StepResult(
+                    stepId: "dock-list",
+                    stepNumber: 6,
+                    command: "dock",
+                    success: true,
+                    output: .success("Listed Dock"),
+                    error: nil,
+                    executionTime: 0.01
+                ),
+            ]
+        }
+
+        let services = TestServicesFactory.makePeekabooServices(
+            snapshots: snapshots,
+            process: process
+        )
+        let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run([
+            "run",
+            scriptPath,
+            "--json",
+        ], services: services)
+
+        #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
+        #expect(snapshots.invalidationCutoffs == [terminalStartedAt])
+        #expect(await snapshots.getMostRecentSnapshot() == freshSnapshotID)
+    }
+
     @Test
     func `run command writes output file`() async throws {
         let scriptPath = "/tmp/output-script.peekaboo.json"
@@ -177,6 +294,158 @@ struct RunCommandDataTests {
         #expect(command.noFailFast == true)
     }
 
+    @Test
+    func `Run snapshot boundary follows final UI effect`() {
+        let seeThenClick = PeekabooScript(description: nil, steps: [
+            ScriptStep(stepId: "see", comment: nil, command: "see", params: nil),
+            ScriptStep(stepId: "click", comment: nil, command: "click", params: nil),
+        ])
+        let clickThenSeeAndClipboardReads = PeekabooScript(description: nil, steps: [
+            ScriptStep(stepId: "click", comment: nil, command: "click", params: nil),
+            ScriptStep(stepId: "see", comment: nil, command: "see", params: nil),
+            ScriptStep(
+                stepId: "clipboard-get",
+                comment: nil,
+                command: "clipboard",
+                params: .clipboard(.init(action: "get"))
+            ),
+            ScriptStep(
+                stepId: "clipboard-save",
+                comment: nil,
+                command: "clipboard",
+                params: .generic(["action": " SAVE "])
+            ),
+        ])
+        let seeThenClipboardWrite = PeekabooScript(description: nil, steps: [
+            ScriptStep(stepId: "see", comment: nil, command: "see", params: nil),
+            ScriptStep(
+                stepId: "clipboard-set",
+                comment: nil,
+                command: "clipboard",
+                params: .clipboard(.init(action: "set", text: "updated"))
+            ),
+        ])
+        let readOnly = PeekabooScript(description: nil, steps: [
+            ScriptStep(
+                stepId: "sleep",
+                comment: nil,
+                command: "sleep",
+                params: .sleep(.init(duration: 0.1))
+            ),
+            ScriptStep(
+                stepId: "dock",
+                comment: nil,
+                command: "dock",
+                params: .generic(["action": " list "])
+            ),
+        ])
+        let clickThenScreenshotOnly = PeekabooScript(description: nil, steps: [
+            ScriptStep(stepId: "click", comment: nil, command: "click", params: nil),
+            ScriptStep(
+                stepId: "screenshot",
+                comment: nil,
+                command: "see",
+                params: .screenshot(.init(path: "/tmp/screenshot.png", annotate: false))
+            ),
+        ])
+        let screenshotOnly = PeekabooScript(description: nil, steps: [
+            ScriptStep(
+                stepId: "screenshot",
+                comment: nil,
+                command: "see",
+                params: .generic(["path": "/tmp/screenshot.png", "annotate": "false"])
+            ),
+        ])
+        let observationThenScreenshotOnly = PeekabooScript(description: nil, steps: [
+            ScriptStep(stepId: "see", comment: nil, command: "see", params: nil),
+            ScriptStep(
+                stepId: "screenshot",
+                comment: nil,
+                command: "see",
+                params: .screenshot(.init(path: "/tmp/screenshot.png", annotate: false))
+            ),
+        ])
+
+        #expect(RunCommand.finalSnapshotEffect(in: seeThenClick) == .mutation)
+        #expect(RunCommand.finalSnapshotEffect(in: clickThenSeeAndClipboardReads) == .freshObservation)
+        #expect(RunCommand.finalSnapshotEffect(in: seeThenClipboardWrite) == .mutation)
+        #expect(RunCommand.finalSnapshotEffect(in: readOnly) == .none)
+        #expect(RunCommand.finalSnapshotEffect(in: clickThenScreenshotOnly) == .mutation)
+        #expect(RunCommand.finalSnapshotEffect(in: screenshotOnly) == .mutation)
+        #expect(RunCommand.finalSnapshotEffect(in: observationThenScreenshotOnly) == .mutation)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Screenshot-only terminal see cannot preserve stale detection`() {
+        let staleStartedAt = Date(timeIntervalSinceReferenceDate: 100)
+        let screenshotStartedAt = Date(timeIntervalSinceReferenceDate: 200)
+        let script = PeekabooScript(description: nil, steps: [
+            ScriptStep(stepId: "click", comment: nil, command: "click", params: nil),
+            ScriptStep(
+                stepId: "screenshot",
+                comment: nil,
+                command: "see",
+                params: .screenshot(.init(path: "/tmp/screenshot.png", annotate: false))
+            ),
+        ])
+        let results = [
+            StepResult(
+                stepId: "click",
+                stepNumber: 1,
+                command: "click",
+                success: true,
+                output: .success("Clicked"),
+                error: nil,
+                executionTime: 0.01,
+                startedAt: staleStartedAt,
+                snapshotId: "stale-snapshot"
+            ),
+            StepResult(
+                stepId: "screenshot",
+                stepNumber: 2,
+                command: "see",
+                success: true,
+                output: .success("Captured screenshot"),
+                error: nil,
+                executionTime: 0.01,
+                startedAt: screenshotStartedAt,
+                snapshotId: "stale-snapshot"
+            ),
+        ]
+
+        #expect(RunCommand.terminalFreshObservation(in: script, results: results) == nil)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Terminal see carries the remote host mutation certificate`() throws {
+        let startedAt = Date(timeIntervalSinceReferenceDate: 100)
+        let hostCompletedAt = Date(timeIntervalSinceReferenceDate: 200)
+        let script = PeekabooScript(description: nil, steps: [
+            ScriptStep(stepId: "see", comment: nil, command: "see", params: nil),
+        ])
+        let results = [
+            StepResult(
+                stepId: "see",
+                stepNumber: 1,
+                command: "see",
+                success: true,
+                output: .success("Captured"),
+                error: nil,
+                executionTime: 0.5,
+                startedAt: startedAt,
+                snapshotId: "fresh",
+                desktopMutationCompletedAt: hostCompletedAt,
+                desktopMutationPreservationAllowed: false
+            ),
+        ]
+
+        let observation = try #require(RunCommand.terminalFreshObservation(in: script, results: results))
+        #expect(observation.snapshotId == "fresh")
+        #expect(observation.startedAt == startedAt)
+        #expect(observation.confirmedMutationCompletedAt == hostCompletedAt)
+        #expect(!observation.preservationAllowed)
+    }
+
     @Test
     func `Run command requires script path`() {
         #expect(throws: (any Error).self) {

Apps/CLI/Tests/CLIAutomationTests/SeeCommandTests.swift

@@ -157,7 +157,75 @@ struct SeeCommandTests {
 @Suite(.serialized, .tags(.fast))
 struct SeeCommandRuntimeTests {
     @Test
-    func `See command stores screenshot metadata and prints summary`() async throws {
+    @MainActor
+    func `Remote See publishes a host-certified observation without a caller barrier`() async throws {
+        try await self.withTempConfigEnv { tempDir in
+            let fixture = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeFixture()
+            let automation = StubAutomationService()
+            automation.detectElementsHandler = { _, snapshotID, _ in
+                let metadata = fixture.detectionResult.metadata
+                return try ElementDetectionResult(
+                    snapshotId: #require(snapshotID),
+                    screenshotPath: fixture.detectionResult.screenshotPath,
+                    elements: fixture.detectionResult.elements,
+                    metadata: DetectionMetadata(
+                        detectionTime: metadata.detectionTime,
+                        elementCount: metadata.elementCount,
+                        method: metadata.method,
+                        warnings: metadata.warnings,
+                        windowContext: metadata.windowContext,
+                        isDialog: metadata.isDialog,
+                        truncationInfo: metadata.truncationInfo,
+                        desktopMutationCompletedAt: Date(),
+                        desktopMutationPreservationAllowed: true
+                    )
+                )
+            }
+
+            let watermarkStore = DesktopMutationWatermarkStore(directoryURL: tempDir)
+            let snapshots = InMemorySnapshotManager(desktopMutationWatermarkStore: watermarkStore)
+            let windowsByApp = [fixture.applicationInfo.name: [fixture.windowInfo]]
+            let services = TestServicesFactory.makePeekabooServices(
+                applications: StubApplicationService(
+                    applications: [fixture.applicationInfo],
+                    windowsByApp: windowsByApp
+                ),
+                windows: StubWindowService(windowsByApp: windowsByApp),
+                snapshots: snapshots,
+                automation: automation,
+                screenCapture: fixture.screenCapture
+            )
+            let outputURL = tempDir.appendingPathComponent("remote-see.png")
+            var command = try SeeCommand.parse([
+                "--mode", "frontmost",
+                "--no-web-focus",
+                "--path", outputURL.path,
+                "--json",
+            ])
+            let runtime = CommandRuntime(
+                configuration: .init(
+                    verbose: false,
+                    jsonOutput: true,
+                    logLevel: nil,
+                    captureEnginePreference: nil,
+                    inputStrategy: nil
+                ),
+                services: services,
+                selectedRemoteSocketPath: "/tmp/selected.sock",
+                interactionMutationTracker: InteractionMutationTracker(
+                    desktopMutationWatermarkStore: watermarkStore
+                )
+            )
+
+            try await command.run(using: runtime)
+
+            #expect(await snapshots.getMostRecentSnapshot() != nil)
+            #expect(!runtime.interactionMutationTracker.hasPendingDurableMutation)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `See without web focus publishes only a complete snapshot`() async throws {
         try await self.withTempConfigEnv { _ in
             let fixture = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeFixture()
             let automation = StubAutomationService()
@@ -175,6 +243,7 @@ struct SeeCommandRuntimeTests {
                 [
                     "see",
                     "--mode", "frontmost",
+                    "--no-web-focus",
                     "--path", outputURL.path,
                 ],
                 services: context.services
@@ -182,11 +251,395 @@ struct SeeCommandRuntimeTests {
 
             #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
 
-            let storedScreenshots = context.snapshots.storedScreenshots[fixture.snapshotId] ?? []
+            let storedScreenshots = context.snapshots.storedScreenshots.values.flatMap(\.self)
             #expect(storedScreenshots.count == 1)
             #expect(storedScreenshots.first?.path == outputURL.path)
             #expect(storedScreenshots.first?.applicationName == fixture.applicationInfo.name)
             #expect(storedScreenshots.first?.windowTitle == fixture.windowInfo.title)
+            #expect(!context.snapshots.exposedPendingSnapshotDuringWrite)
+            let storedSnapshotID = try #require(context.snapshots.storedScreenshots.keys.first)
+            #expect(await context.snapshots.getMostRecentSnapshot() == storedSnapshotID)
+            #expect(automation.detectElementsCalls.first?.snapshotId == storedSnapshotID)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `JSON See without path keeps screenshot private to snapshot storage`() async throws {
+        try await self.withTempConfigEnv { _ in
+            let fixture = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeFixture()
+            let automation = StubAutomationService()
+            automation.nextDetectionResult = fixture.detectionResult
+
+            let (context, _) = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeContext(
+                automation: automation,
+                screenCapture: fixture.screenCapture,
+                applicationInfo: fixture.applicationInfo,
+                windowInfo: fixture.windowInfo
+            )
+            context.snapshots.copiesScreenshotArtifactsIntoStorage = true
+
+            let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+                [
+                    "see",
+                    "--mode", "frontmost",
+                    "--no-web-focus",
+                    "--json",
+                ],
+                services: context.services
+            )
+
+            let data = try #require(result.stdout.data(using: .utf8))
+            let response = try JSONDecoder().decode(
+                CodableJSONResponse<SeeResult>.self,
+                from: data
+            )
+            let storedScreenshot = try #require(
+                context.snapshots.storedScreenshots.values.flatMap(\.self).first
+            )
+
+            #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
+            #expect(response.data.screenshot_raw.isEmpty)
+            #expect(response.data.screenshot_annotated.isEmpty)
+            #expect(storedScreenshot.path.hasPrefix(FileManager.default.temporaryDirectory.path))
+            #expect(!FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: storedScreenshot.path))
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `JSON See retains temporary screenshot for borrowing snapshot backend`() async throws {
+        try await self.withTempConfigEnv { _ in
+            let fixture = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeFixture()
+            let automation = StubAutomationService()
+            automation.nextDetectionResult = fixture.detectionResult
+
+            let (context, _) = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeContext(
+                automation: automation,
+                screenCapture: fixture.screenCapture,
+                applicationInfo: fixture.applicationInfo,
+                windowInfo: fixture.windowInfo
+            )
+
+            let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+                [
+                    "see",
+                    "--mode", "frontmost",
+                    "--no-web-focus",
+                    "--json",
+                ],
+                services: context.services
+            )
+
+            let data = try #require(result.stdout.data(using: .utf8))
+            let response = try JSONDecoder().decode(
+                CodableJSONResponse<SeeResult>.self,
+                from: data
+            )
+            let storedScreenshot = try #require(
+                context.snapshots.storedScreenshots.values.flatMap(\.self).first
+            )
+            defer {
+                try? FileManager.default.removeItem(
+                    at: URL(fileURLWithPath: storedScreenshot.path).deletingLastPathComponent()
+                )
+            }
+
+            #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
+            #expect(response.data.screenshot_raw.isEmpty)
+            #expect(FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: storedScreenshot.path))
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `See suppresses success output when snapshot publication fails`() async throws {
+        try await self.withTempConfigEnv { _ in
+            let fixture = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeFixture()
+            let automation = StubAutomationService()
+            automation.nextDetectionResult = fixture.detectionResult
+
+            let (context, outputURL) = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeContext(
+                automation: automation,
+                screenCapture: fixture.screenCapture,
+                applicationInfo: fixture.applicationInfo,
+                windowInfo: fixture.windowInfo
+            )
+            context.snapshots.invalidationError = PeekabooError.operationError(
+                message: "invalidation unavailable"
+            )
+            defer { try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: outputURL) }
+
+            let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+                [
+                    "see",
+                    "--mode", "frontmost",
+                    "--no-web-focus",
+                    "--path", outputURL.path,
+                    "--json",
+                ],
+                services: context.services
+            )
+
+            #expect(result.exitStatus == 1)
+            #expect(!result.combinedOutput.contains("\"snapshot_id\""))
+            #expect(context.snapshots.invalidationCutoffs.count >= 2)
+            #expect(try await context.snapshots.listSnapshots().isEmpty)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `See snapshot reservation remains inside the overall timeout`() async throws {
+        try await self.withTempConfigEnv { _ in
+            let fixture = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeFixture()
+            let automation = StubAutomationService()
+            automation.nextDetectionResult = fixture.detectionResult
+
+            let (context, outputURL) = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeContext(
+                automation: automation,
+                screenCapture: fixture.screenCapture,
+                applicationInfo: fixture.applicationInfo,
+                windowInfo: fixture.windowInfo
+            )
+            context.snapshots.snapshotCreationDelay = .seconds(4)
+            defer { try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: outputURL) }
+
+            let startedAt = ContinuousClock.now
+            let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+                [
+                    "see",
+                    "--mode", "frontmost",
+                    "--no-web-focus",
+                    "--timeout-seconds", "1",
+                    "--path", outputURL.path,
+                    "--json",
+                ],
+                services: context.services
+            )
+            let elapsed = startedAt.duration(to: .now)
+
+            #expect(result.exitStatus == 1)
+            #expect(elapsed < .seconds(2.5))
+            #expect(!result.combinedOutput.contains("\"snapshot_id\""))
+            #expect(try await context.snapshots.listSnapshots().isEmpty)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `See publication remains inside the overall timeout`() async throws {
+        try await self.withTempConfigEnv { _ in
+            let fixture = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeFixture()
+            let automation = StubAutomationService()
+            automation.nextDetectionResult = fixture.detectionResult
+
+            let (context, outputURL) = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeContext(
+                automation: automation,
+                screenCapture: fixture.screenCapture,
+                applicationInfo: fixture.applicationInfo,
+                windowInfo: fixture.windowInfo
+            )
+            context.snapshots.preservingInvalidationDelay = .seconds(4)
+            defer { try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: outputURL) }
+
+            let startedAt = ContinuousClock.now
+            let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+                [
+                    "see",
+                    "--mode", "frontmost",
+                    "--no-web-focus",
+                    "--timeout-seconds", "1",
+                    "--path", outputURL.path,
+                    "--json",
+                ],
+                services: context.services
+            )
+            let elapsed = startedAt.duration(to: .now)
+
+            #expect(result.exitStatus == 1)
+            #expect(elapsed < .seconds(2.5))
+            #expect(!result.combinedOutput.contains("\"snapshot_id\""))
+            #expect(try await context.snapshots.listSnapshots().isEmpty)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Timed out See keeps late snapshot writes hidden`() async throws {
+        try await self.withTempConfigEnv { _ in
+            let fixture = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeFixture()
+            let automation = StubAutomationService()
+            let (context, outputURL) = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeContext(
+                automation: automation,
+                screenCapture: fixture.screenCapture,
+                applicationInfo: fixture.applicationInfo,
+                windowInfo: fixture.windowInfo
+            )
+            defer { try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: outputURL) }
+            var lateWriteTask: Task<Void, Never>?
+            var lateWriteSucceeded = false
+
+            automation.detectElementsHandler = { _, snapshotID, _ in
+                let snapshotID = try #require(snapshotID)
+                let lateResult = ElementDetectionResult(
+                    snapshotId: snapshotID,
+                    screenshotPath: outputURL.path,
+                    elements: fixture.detectionResult.elements,
+                    metadata: fixture.detectionResult.metadata
+                )
+                let task = Task { @MainActor in
+                    try? await Task.sleep(for: .seconds(1.2))
+                    do {
+                        try await context.snapshots.storeDetectionResult(
+                            snapshotId: snapshotID,
+                            result: lateResult
+                        )
+                        lateWriteSucceeded = true
+                    } catch {
+                        Issue.record("Late snapshot write failed: \(error)")
+                    }
+                }
+                lateWriteTask = task
+                await task.value
+                throw TestStubError.unimplemented(#function)
+            }
+
+            let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+                [
+                    "see",
+                    "--mode", "frontmost",
+                    "--no-web-focus",
+                    "--timeout-seconds", "1",
+                    "--path", outputURL.path,
+                ],
+                services: context.services
+            )
+
+            #expect(result.exitStatus == 1)
+            guard let task = lateWriteTask else {
+                Issue.record("See never started detection: \(result.combinedOutput)")
+                return
+            }
+            await task.value
+            #expect(lateWriteSucceeded)
+            #expect(await context.snapshots.getMostRecentSnapshot() == nil)
+            #expect(try await context.snapshots.listSnapshots().isEmpty)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Bridge transport timeout keeps late See writes hidden`() async throws {
+        try await self.withTempConfigEnv { _ in
+            let fixture = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeFixture()
+            let automation = StubAutomationService()
+            let (context, outputURL) = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeContext(
+                automation: automation,
+                screenCapture: fixture.screenCapture,
+                applicationInfo: fixture.applicationInfo,
+                windowInfo: fixture.windowInfo
+            )
+            defer { try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: outputURL) }
+            var lateWriteTask: Task<Void, Never>?
+
+            automation.detectElementsHandler = { _, snapshotID, _ in
+                let snapshotID = try #require(snapshotID)
+                let lateResult = ElementDetectionResult(
+                    snapshotId: snapshotID,
+                    screenshotPath: outputURL.path,
+                    elements: fixture.detectionResult.elements,
+                    metadata: fixture.detectionResult.metadata
+                )
+                let task = Task { @MainActor in
+                    try? await Task.sleep(for: .milliseconds(50))
+                    try? await context.snapshots.storeDetectionResult(
+                        snapshotId: snapshotID,
+                        result: lateResult
+                    )
+                }
+                lateWriteTask = task
+                throw POSIXError(.ETIMEDOUT)
+            }
+
+            let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+                [
+                    "see",
+                    "--mode", "frontmost",
+                    "--no-web-focus",
+                    "--path", outputURL.path,
+                ],
+                services: context.services
+            )
+
+            #expect(result.exitStatus == 1)
+            let task = try #require(lateWriteTask)
+            await task.value
+            #expect(!context.snapshots.detectionResults.isEmpty)
+            #expect(await context.snapshots.getMostRecentSnapshot() == nil)
+            #expect(try await context.snapshots.listSnapshots().isEmpty)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Timed out See drops a late successful completion`() async throws {
+        try await self.withTempConfigEnv { _ in
+            let fixture = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeFixture()
+            let automation = StubAutomationService()
+            let (context, outputURL) = Self.makeSeeCommandRuntimeContext(
+                automation: automation,
+                screenCapture: fixture.screenCapture,
+                applicationInfo: fixture.applicationInfo,
+                windowInfo: fixture.windowInfo
+            )
+            defer {
+                CLIInstrumentation.LoggerControl.clearDebugLogs()
+                try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: outputURL)
+            }
+            CLIInstrumentation.LoggerControl.clearDebugLogs()
+            var lateDetectionTask: Task<ElementDetectionResult, Never>?
+
+            automation.detectElementsHandler = { _, snapshotID, _ in
+                let snapshotID = try #require(snapshotID)
+                let lateResult = ElementDetectionResult(
+                    snapshotId: snapshotID,
+                    screenshotPath: outputURL.path,
+                    elements: fixture.detectionResult.elements,
+                    metadata: fixture.detectionResult.metadata
+                )
+                let task = Task { @MainActor in
+                    try? await Task.sleep(for: .seconds(1.2))
+                    return lateResult
+                }
+                lateDetectionTask = task
+                return await task.value
+            }
+
+            let result = try await InProcessCommandRunner.run(
+                [
+                    "see",
+                    "--mode", "frontmost",
+                    "--no-web-focus",
+                    "--timeout-seconds", "1",
+                    "--path", outputURL.path,
+                    "--json",
+                ],
+                services: context.services
+            )
+
+            #expect(result.exitStatus == 1)
+            guard let task = lateDetectionTask else {
+                Issue.record("See never started detection: \(result.combinedOutput)")
+                return
+            }
+            _ = await task.value
+            for _ in 0..<100 where context.snapshots.detectionResults.isEmpty {
+                try await Task.sleep(for: .milliseconds(10))
+            }
+            try await Task.sleep(for: .milliseconds(50))
+            CLIInstrumentation.LoggerControl.flush()
+            let logs = CLIInstrumentation.LoggerControl.debugLogs()
+            #expect(!logs.contains { line in
+                line.contains("Operation completed") &&
+                    line.contains("operation=see_command") &&
+                    line.contains("success=true")
+            })
+            #expect(!context.snapshots.detectionResults.isEmpty)
+            #expect(await context.snapshots.getMostRecentSnapshot() == nil)
+            #expect(try await context.snapshots.listSnapshots().isEmpty)
         }
     }
 

Apps/CLI/Tests/CLIAutomationTests/Support/InProcessCommandRunner.swift

@@ -4,9 +4,56 @@ import PeekabooCore
 import Testing
 @testable import PeekabooCLI
 
-private actor InProcessRunGate {
-    func run<T>(_ operation: @Sendable () async throws -> T) async rethrows -> T {
-        try await operation()
+actor InProcessRunGate {
+    private struct Waiter {
+        let id: UUID
+        let continuation: CheckedContinuation<Void, any Error>
+    }
+
+    private var isLocked = false
+    private var waiters: [Waiter] = []
+
+    func run<T: Sendable>(_ operation: @Sendable () async throws -> T) async throws -> T {
+        try await self.acquire()
+        defer { self.release() }
+        try Task.checkCancellation()
+        return try await operation()
+    }
+
+    private func acquire() async throws {
+        try Task.checkCancellation()
+        guard self.isLocked else {
+            self.isLocked = true
+            return
+        }
+
+        let id = UUID()
+        try await withTaskCancellationHandler {
+            try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { (continuation: CheckedContinuation<Void, any Error>) in
+                if Task.isCancelled {
+                    continuation.resume(throwing: CancellationError())
+                } else {
+                    self.waiters.append(Waiter(id: id, continuation: continuation))
+                }
+            }
+        } onCancel: {
+            Task { await self.cancelWaiter(id: id) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func cancelWaiter(id: UUID) {
+        guard let index = self.waiters.firstIndex(where: { $0.id == id }) else { return }
+        let waiter = self.waiters.remove(at: index)
+        waiter.continuation.resume(throwing: CancellationError())
+    }
+
+    private func release() {
+        guard !self.waiters.isEmpty else {
+            self.isLocked = false
+            return
+        }
+        let waiter = self.waiters.removeFirst()
+        waiter.continuation.resume()
     }
 }
 
@@ -87,6 +134,12 @@ enum InProcessCommandRunner {
         return result
     }
 
+    static func withExclusiveProcessOutput<T: Sendable>(
+        _ operation: @Sendable () async throws -> T
+    ) async throws -> T {
+        try await self.gate.run(operation)
+    }
+
     private static func execute(arguments: [String]) async throws -> CommandRunResult {
         try await self.captureOutput {
             var exitStatus: Int32 = 0
@@ -315,7 +368,8 @@ enum ExternalCommandRunner {
         }
 
         guard let jsonString = Self.extractFirstJSONObject(from: combinedOutput),
-              let data = jsonString.data(using: .utf8) else {
+              let data = jsonString.data(using: .utf8)
+        else {
             throw Error.jsonPayloadMissing(output: combinedOutput)
         }
 

Apps/CLI/Tests/CLIAutomationTests/Support/TestServices.swift

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ final class StubScreenCaptureService: ScreenCaptureServiceProtocol {
         visualizerMode _: CaptureVisualizerMode,
         scale: CaptureScalePreference
     ) async throws -> CaptureResult {
-        if let handler = self.captureScreenHandler {
+        if let handler = captureScreenHandler {
             return try await handler(displayIndex, scale)
         }
         return try await self.makeDefaultCaptureResult(function: #function)
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ final class StubScreenCaptureService: ScreenCaptureServiceProtocol {
         visualizerMode _: CaptureVisualizerMode,
         scale: CaptureScalePreference
     ) async throws -> CaptureResult {
-        if let handler = self.captureWindowHandler {
+        if let handler = captureWindowHandler {
             return try await handler(appIdentifier, windowIndex, scale)
         }
         return try await self.makeDefaultCaptureResult(function: #function)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ final class StubScreenCaptureService: ScreenCaptureServiceProtocol {
         visualizerMode _: CaptureVisualizerMode,
         scale: CaptureScalePreference
     ) async throws -> CaptureResult {
-        if let handler = self.captureWindowByIdHandler {
+        if let handler = captureWindowByIdHandler {
             return try await handler(windowID, scale)
         }
         return try await self.makeDefaultCaptureResult(function: #function)
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ final class StubScreenCaptureService: ScreenCaptureServiceProtocol {
         visualizerMode _: CaptureVisualizerMode,
         scale: CaptureScalePreference
     ) async throws -> CaptureResult {
-        if let handler = self.captureFrontmostHandler {
+        if let handler = captureFrontmostHandler {
             return try await handler(scale)
         }
         return try await self.makeDefaultCaptureResult(function: #function)
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ final class StubScreenCaptureService: ScreenCaptureServiceProtocol {
         visualizerMode _: CaptureVisualizerMode,
         scale: CaptureScalePreference
     ) async throws -> CaptureResult {
-        if let handler = self.captureAreaHandler {
+        if let handler = captureAreaHandler {
             return try await handler(rect, scale)
         }
         return try await self.makeDefaultCaptureResult(function: #function)
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ final class StubScreenCaptureService: ScreenCaptureServiceProtocol {
     }
 
     private func makeDefaultCaptureResult(function: StaticString) async throws -> CaptureResult {
-        if let result = self.defaultCaptureResult {
+        if let result = defaultCaptureResult {
             return result
         }
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ final class StubScreenCaptureService: ScreenCaptureServiceProtocol {
 
 @MainActor
 final class StubAutomationService: TargetedHotkeyServiceProtocol, TargetedTypeServiceProtocol,
-TargetedClickServiceProtocol {
+ExactWindowTargetedClickServiceProtocol {
     struct ClickCall {
         let target: ClickTarget
         let clickType: ClickType
@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@ TargetedClickServiceProtocol {
         let clickType: ClickType
         let snapshotId: String?
         let targetProcessIdentifier: pid_t
+        let targetWindowID: Int?
     }
 
     struct WaitForElementCall {
@@ -213,6 +214,7 @@ TargetedClickServiceProtocol {
     var supportsTargetedClicks = true
     var targetedClickUnavailableReason: String?
     var targetedClickRequiresEventSynthesizingPermission = false
+    var clickError: (any Error)?
 
     var nextTypeActionsResult: TypeResult?
     var typeActionsResultProvider: (([TypeAction], TypingCadence, String?) -> TypeResult)?
@@ -233,7 +235,7 @@ TargetedClickServiceProtocol {
     ) async throws -> ElementDetectionResult {
         self.detectElementsCalls.append((imageData, snapshotId, windowContext))
 
-        if let handler = self.detectElementsHandler {
+        if let handler = detectElementsHandler {
             return try await handler(imageData, snapshotId, windowContext)
         }
 
@@ -246,6 +248,9 @@ TargetedClickServiceProtocol {
 
     func click(target: ClickTarget, clickType: ClickType, snapshotId: String?) async throws {
         self.clickCalls.append(ClickCall(target: target, clickType: clickType, snapshotId: snapshotId))
+        if let clickError {
+            throw clickError
+        }
     }
 
     func click(
@@ -258,8 +263,31 @@ TargetedClickServiceProtocol {
             target: target,
             clickType: clickType,
             snapshotId: snapshotId,
-            targetProcessIdentifier: targetProcessIdentifier
+            targetProcessIdentifier: targetProcessIdentifier,
+            targetWindowID: nil
         ))
+        if let clickError {
+            throw clickError
+        }
+    }
+
+    func click(
+        target: ClickTarget,
+        clickType: ClickType,
+        snapshotId: String?,
+        targetProcessIdentifier: pid_t,
+        targetWindowID: Int
+    ) async throws {
+        self.targetedClickCalls.append(TargetedClickCall(
+            target: target,
+            clickType: clickType,
+            snapshotId: snapshotId,
+            targetProcessIdentifier: targetProcessIdentifier,
+            targetWindowID: targetWindowID
+        ))
+        if let clickError {
+            throw clickError
+        }
     }
 
     func type(
@@ -289,11 +317,11 @@ TargetedClickServiceProtocol {
             TypeActionsCall(actions: actions, cadence: cadence, snapshotId: snapshotId)
         )
 
-        if let provider = self.typeActionsResultProvider {
+        if let provider = typeActionsResultProvider {
             return provider(actions, cadence, snapshotId)
         }
 
-        if let nextResult = self.nextTypeActionsResult {
+        if let nextResult = nextTypeActionsResult {
             return nextResult
         }
 
@@ -368,11 +396,11 @@ TargetedClickServiceProtocol {
             WaitForElementCall(target: target, timeout: timeout, snapshotId: snapshotId)
         )
 
-        if let provider = self.waitForElementProvider {
+        if let provider = waitForElementProvider {
             return provider(target, timeout, snapshotId)
         }
 
-        if let stored = self.waitForElementResults[self.key(for: target)] {
+        if let stored = waitForElementResults[key(for: target)] {
             return stored
         }
 
@@ -432,6 +460,7 @@ final class StubApplicationService: ApplicationServiceProtocol {
     var launchResults: [String: ServiceApplicationInfo]
     var launchCalls: [String] = []
     var activateCalls: [String] = []
+    var activateApplicationHandler: ((String) async throws -> Void)?
     var quitCalls: [(identifier: String, force: Bool)] = []
     var quitShouldSucceed = true
     var hideCalls: [String] = []
@@ -446,7 +475,7 @@ final class StubApplicationService: ApplicationServiceProtocol {
     }
 
     func listApplications() async throws -> UnifiedToolOutput<ServiceApplicationListData> {
-        let data = ServiceApplicationListData(applications: self.applications)
+        let data = ServiceApplicationListData(applications: applications)
         let summary = UnifiedToolOutput<ServiceApplicationListData>.Summary(
             brief: "Stub application list",
             status: .success,
@@ -461,11 +490,11 @@ final class StubApplicationService: ApplicationServiceProtocol {
 
     func findApplication(identifier: String) async throws -> ServiceApplicationInfo {
         if let pid = Self.parsePID(identifier),
-           let match = self.applications.first(where: { $0.processIdentifier == pid }) {
+           let match = applications.first(where: { $0.processIdentifier == pid }) {
             return match
         }
 
-        if let match = self.applications.first(where: { $0.name == identifier || $0.bundleIdentifier == identifier }) {
+        if let match = applications.first(where: { $0.name == identifier || $0.bundleIdentifier == identifier }) {
             return match
         }
         throw PeekabooError.appNotFound(identifier)
@@ -506,7 +535,7 @@ final class StubApplicationService: ApplicationServiceProtocol {
     }
 
     func getFrontmostApplication() async throws -> ServiceApplicationInfo {
-        guard let first = self.applications.first else {
+        guard let first = applications.first else {
             throw PeekabooError.appNotFound("frontmost")
         }
         return first
@@ -518,10 +547,10 @@ final class StubApplicationService: ApplicationServiceProtocol {
 
     func launchApplication(identifier: String) async throws -> ServiceApplicationInfo {
         self.launchCalls.append(identifier)
-        if let result = self.launchResults[identifier] {
+        if let result = launchResults[identifier] {
             return result
         }
-        if let existing = self.applications
+        if let existing = applications
             .first(where: { $0.name == identifier || $0.bundleIdentifier == identifier }) {
             return existing
         }
@@ -534,6 +563,7 @@ final class StubApplicationService: ApplicationServiceProtocol {
 
     func activateApplication(identifier: String) async throws {
         self.activateCalls.append(identifier)
+        try await self.activateApplicationHandler?(identifier)
     }
 
     func quitApplication(identifier: String, force: Bool) async throws -> Bool {
@@ -559,11 +589,21 @@ final class StubApplicationService: ApplicationServiceProtocol {
 }
 
 final class StubSnapshotManager: SnapshotManagerProtocol, @unchecked Sendable {
+    let supportsImplicitLatestSnapshotInvalidation = true
+    var copiesScreenshotArtifactsIntoStorage = false
+    var effectiveImplicitLatestInvalidationWatermark: Date?
     private(set) var detectionResults: [String: ElementDetectionResult] = [:]
     private(set) var snapshotInfos: [String: SnapshotInfo] = [:]
     private(set) var storedElements: [String: [String: PeekabooCore.UIElement]] = [:]
     private(set) var storedAnnotatedScreenshots: [String: [String]] = [:]
     var mostRecentSnapshotId: String?
+    var uiAutomationSnapshotError: PeekabooError?
+    var invalidationError: (any Error)?
+    var snapshotCreationDelay: Duration?
+    var preservingInvalidationDelay: Duration?
+    private(set) var invalidationCutoffs: [Date] = []
+    private var pendingSnapshotIDs: Set<String> = []
+    private(set) var exposedPendingSnapshotDuringWrite = false
     struct ScreenshotRecord {
         let path: String
         let applicationBundleId: String?
@@ -576,8 +616,22 @@ final class StubSnapshotManager: SnapshotManagerProtocol, @unchecked Sendable {
     private(set) var storedScreenshots: [String: [ScreenshotRecord]] = [:]
 
     func createSnapshot() async throws -> String {
+        if let snapshotCreationDelay {
+            try await Task.sleep(for: snapshotCreationDelay)
+        }
+        return self.createSnapshotImpl(pendingAt: nil)
+    }
+
+    func createSnapshot(pendingAt observationStartedAt: Date) async throws -> String {
+        if let snapshotCreationDelay {
+            try await Task.sleep(for: snapshotCreationDelay)
+        }
+        return self.createSnapshotImpl(pendingAt: observationStartedAt)
+    }
+
+    private func createSnapshotImpl(pendingAt observationStartedAt: Date?) -> String {
         let snapshotId = UUID().uuidString
-        let now = Date()
+        let now = observationStartedAt ?? Date()
         self.snapshotInfos[snapshotId] = SnapshotInfo(
             id: snapshotId,
             processId: 0,
@@ -587,13 +641,22 @@ final class StubSnapshotManager: SnapshotManagerProtocol, @unchecked Sendable {
             screenshotCount: 0,
             isActive: true
         )
-        self.mostRecentSnapshotId = snapshotId
+        if observationStartedAt != nil {
+            self.pendingSnapshotIDs.insert(snapshotId)
+        } else {
+            self.mostRecentSnapshotId = snapshotId
+        }
         return snapshotId
     }
 
     func storeDetectionResult(snapshotId: String, result: ElementDetectionResult) async throws {
+        if self.pendingSnapshotIDs.contains(snapshotId), self.mostRecentSnapshotId == snapshotId {
+            self.exposedPendingSnapshotDuringWrite = true
+        }
         self.detectionResults[snapshotId] = result
-        self.mostRecentSnapshotId = snapshotId
+        if !self.pendingSnapshotIDs.contains(snapshotId) {
+            self.mostRecentSnapshotId = snapshotId
+        }
 
         let existingInfo = self.snapshotInfos[snapshotId]
         let createdAt = existingInfo?.createdAt ?? Date()
@@ -641,14 +704,56 @@ final class StubSnapshotManager: SnapshotManagerProtocol, @unchecked Sendable {
         self.mostRecentSnapshotId
     }
 
+    func invalidateImplicitLatestSnapshot(through cutoff: Date) async throws -> String? {
+        try await self.invalidateImplicitLatestSnapshot(
+            through: cutoff,
+            preserving: nil,
+            preservedAt: nil
+        )
+    }
+
+    func invalidateImplicitLatestSnapshot(
+        through cutoff: Date,
+        preserving snapshotId: String?
+    ) async throws -> String? {
+        try await self.invalidateImplicitLatestSnapshot(
+            through: cutoff,
+            preserving: snapshotId,
+            preservedAt: snapshotId == nil ? nil : Date()
+        )
+    }
+
+    func invalidateImplicitLatestSnapshot(
+        through cutoff: Date,
+        preserving snapshotId: String?,
+        preservedAt _: Date?
+    ) async throws -> String? {
+        self.invalidationCutoffs.append(cutoff)
+        if snapshotId != nil, let preservingInvalidationDelay {
+            try await Task.sleep(for: preservingInvalidationDelay)
+        }
+        if let invalidationError {
+            throw invalidationError
+        }
+        let invalidatedSnapshotID = self.mostRecentSnapshotId
+        if let snapshotId, snapshotInfos[snapshotId] != nil {
+            self.pendingSnapshotIDs.remove(snapshotId)
+            self.mostRecentSnapshotId = snapshotId
+        } else {
+            self.mostRecentSnapshotId = nil
+        }
+        return invalidatedSnapshotID
+    }
+
     func listSnapshots() async throws -> [SnapshotInfo] {
-        Array(self.snapshotInfos.values)
+        self.snapshotInfos.values.filter { !self.pendingSnapshotIDs.contains($0.id) }
     }
 
     func cleanSnapshot(snapshotId: String) async throws {
         self.detectionResults.removeValue(forKey: snapshotId)
         self.snapshotInfos.removeValue(forKey: snapshotId)
         self.storedElements.removeValue(forKey: snapshotId)
+        self.pendingSnapshotIDs.remove(snapshotId)
         if self.mostRecentSnapshotId == snapshotId {
             self.mostRecentSnapshotId = nil
         }
@@ -672,6 +777,7 @@ final class StubSnapshotManager: SnapshotManagerProtocol, @unchecked Sendable {
         self.detectionResults.removeAll()
         self.snapshotInfos.removeAll()
         self.storedElements.removeAll()
+        self.pendingSnapshotIDs.removeAll()
         self.mostRecentSnapshotId = nil
         return count
     }
@@ -681,6 +787,9 @@ final class StubSnapshotManager: SnapshotManagerProtocol, @unchecked Sendable {
     }
 
     func storeScreenshot(_ request: SnapshotScreenshotRequest) async throws {
+        if self.pendingSnapshotIDs.contains(request.snapshotId), self.mostRecentSnapshotId == request.snapshotId {
+            self.exposedPendingSnapshotDuringWrite = true
+        }
         let existingInfo = self.snapshotInfos[request.snapshotId]
         let createdAt = existingInfo?.createdAt ?? Date()
         let screenshotCount = (existingInfo?.screenshotCount ?? 0) + 1
@@ -725,7 +834,10 @@ final class StubSnapshotManager: SnapshotManagerProtocol, @unchecked Sendable {
     }
 
     func getUIAutomationSnapshot(snapshotId _: String) async throws -> UIAutomationSnapshot? {
-        nil
+        if let uiAutomationSnapshotError {
+            throw uiAutomationSnapshotError
+        }
+        return nil
     }
 }
 
@@ -788,15 +900,15 @@ final class StubProcessService: ProcessServiceProtocol, @unchecked Sendable {
     func loadScript(from path: String) async throws -> PeekabooScript {
         self.loadScriptCalls.append(LoadScriptCall(path: path))
 
-        if let provider = self.loadScriptProvider {
+        if let provider = loadScriptProvider {
             return try await provider(path)
         }
 
-        if let script = self.scriptsByPath[path] ?? self.scriptsByPath["*"] {
+        if let script = scriptsByPath[path] ?? scriptsByPath["*"] {
             return script
         }
 
-        if let script = self.nextScript {
+        if let script = nextScript {
             return script
         }
 
@@ -810,11 +922,11 @@ final class StubProcessService: ProcessServiceProtocol, @unchecked Sendable {
     ) async throws -> [StepResult] {
         self.executeScriptCalls.append(ExecuteScriptCall(script: script, failFast: failFast, verbose: verbose))
 
-        if let provider = self.executeScriptProvider {
+        if let provider = executeScriptProvider {
             return try await provider(script, failFast, verbose)
         }
 
-        if let results = self.nextExecuteScriptResults {
+        if let results = nextExecuteScriptResults {
             return results
         }
 
@@ -827,11 +939,11 @@ final class StubProcessService: ProcessServiceProtocol, @unchecked Sendable {
     ) async throws -> StepExecutionResult {
         self.executeStepCalls.append(ExecuteStepCall(step: step, snapshotId: snapshotId))
 
-        if let provider = self.executeStepProvider {
+        if let provider = executeStepProvider {
             return try await provider(step, snapshotId)
         }
 
-        if let result = self.nextStepResult {
+        if let result = nextStepResult {
             return result
         }
 
@@ -882,7 +994,7 @@ final class StubDockService: DockServiceProtocol {
     }
 
     func findDockItem(name: String) async throws -> DockItem {
-        guard let match = self.items.first(where: { $0.title == name }) else {
+        guard let match = items.first(where: { $0.title == name }) else {
             throw PeekabooError.elementNotFound(name)
         }
         return match
@@ -919,12 +1031,14 @@ final class StubScreenService: ScreenServiceProtocol {
 final class StubClipboardService: ClipboardServiceProtocol {
     var current: ClipboardReadResult?
     var slots: [String: ClipboardReadResult] = [:]
+    var beforeMutation: (() -> Void)?
 
     func get(prefer _: UTType?) throws -> ClipboardReadResult? {
         self.current
     }
 
     func set(_ request: ClipboardWriteRequest) throws -> ClipboardReadResult {
+        self.beforeMutation?()
         guard let primary = request.representations.first else {
             throw ClipboardServiceError.writeFailed("No representations provided")
         }
@@ -938,6 +1052,7 @@ final class StubClipboardService: ClipboardServiceProtocol {
     }
 
     func clear() {
+        self.beforeMutation?()
         self.current = nil
     }
 
@@ -949,7 +1064,8 @@ final class StubClipboardService: ClipboardServiceProtocol {
     }
 
     func restore(slot: String) throws -> ClipboardReadResult {
-        guard let saved = self.slots[slot] else {
+        self.beforeMutation?()
+        guard let saved = slots[slot] else {
             throw ClipboardServiceError.slotNotFound(slot)
         }
         self.current = saved
@@ -979,14 +1095,14 @@ final class StubMenuService: MenuServiceProtocol {
 
     func listMenus(for appIdentifier: String) async throws -> MenuStructure {
         self.listMenusRequests.append(appIdentifier)
-        guard let structure = self.menusByApp[appIdentifier] else {
+        guard let structure = menusByApp[appIdentifier] else {
             throw PeekabooError.menuNotFound(appIdentifier)
         }
         return structure
     }
 
     func listFrontmostMenus() async throws -> MenuStructure {
-        guard let menus = self.frontmostMenus else {
+        guard let menus = frontmostMenus else {
             throw PeekabooError.menuNotFound("frontmost")
         }
         return menus
@@ -1054,7 +1170,7 @@ final class StubDialogService: DialogServiceProtocol {
     }
 
     func findActiveDialog(windowTitle: String?, appName: String?) async throws -> DialogInfo {
-        guard let elements = self.dialogElements else {
+        guard let elements = dialogElements else {
             throw DialogError.noActiveDialog
         }
         return elements.dialogInfo
@@ -1065,7 +1181,7 @@ final class StubDialogService: DialogServiceProtocol {
             throw DialogError.noActiveDialog
         }
         self.recordedButtonClicks.append((buttonText, windowTitle))
-        if let result = self.clickButtonResult {
+        if let result = clickButtonResult {
             return result
         }
         throw DialogError.buttonNotFound(buttonText)
@@ -1081,7 +1197,7 @@ final class StubDialogService: DialogServiceProtocol {
         guard self.dialogElements != nil else {
             throw DialogError.noActiveDialog
         }
-        if let result = self.enterTextResult {
+        if let result = enterTextResult {
             return result
         }
         throw DialogError.fieldNotFound
@@ -1094,7 +1210,7 @@ final class StubDialogService: DialogServiceProtocol {
         ensureExpanded: Bool,
         appName: String?
     ) async throws -> DialogActionResult {
-        guard let elements = self.dialogElements else {
+        guard let elements = dialogElements else {
             throw DialogError.noActiveDialog
         }
         guard elements.dialogInfo.isFileDialog else {
@@ -1103,7 +1219,7 @@ final class StubDialogService: DialogServiceProtocol {
         if let handleFileDialogDelay {
             try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(handleFileDialogDelay * 1_000_000_000))
         }
-        if let result = self.handleFileDialogResult {
+        if let result = handleFileDialogResult {
             return result
         }
         throw DialogError.buttonNotFound(actionButton ?? "default")
@@ -1113,14 +1229,14 @@ final class StubDialogService: DialogServiceProtocol {
         guard self.dialogElements != nil else {
             throw DialogError.noActiveDialog
         }
-        if let result = self.dismissResult {
+        if let result = dismissResult {
             return result
         }
         throw DialogError.noDismissButton
     }
 
     func listDialogElements(windowTitle: String?, appName: String?) async throws -> DialogElements {
-        guard let elements = self.dialogElements else {
+        guard let elements = dialogElements else {
             throw DialogError.noActiveDialog
         }
         return elements
@@ -1190,7 +1306,7 @@ final class StubWindowService: WindowManagementServiceProtocol {
         case let .title(title):
             return self.windowsByApp.values.flatMap(\.self).filter { $0.title.contains(title) }
         case let .index(app, index):
-            guard let windows = self.windowsByApp[app], index < windows.count else { return [] }
+            guard let windows = windowsByApp[app], index < windows.count else { return [] }
             return [windows[index]]
         }
     }
@@ -1204,7 +1320,7 @@ final class StubWindowService: WindowManagementServiceProtocol {
         target: WindowTarget,
         transform: (ServiceWindowInfo) -> ServiceWindowInfo
     ) throws {
-        let selection = try self.resolveWindowLocation(target: target)
+        let selection = try resolveWindowLocation(target: target)
         var windows = self.windowsByApp[selection.app] ?? []
         guard selection.index < windows.count else {
             throw PeekabooError.windowNotFound(criteria: selection.app)
@@ -1218,20 +1334,20 @@ final class StubWindowService: WindowManagementServiceProtocol {
     private func resolveWindowLocation(target: WindowTarget) throws -> (app: String, index: Int) {
         switch target {
         case let .application(app):
-            guard let windows = self.windowsByApp[app], !windows.isEmpty else {
+            guard let windows = windowsByApp[app], !windows.isEmpty else {
                 throw PeekabooError.windowNotFound(criteria: app)
             }
             return (app, 0)
         case let .applicationAndTitle(app, title):
             guard
-                let windows = self.windowsByApp[app],
+                let windows = windowsByApp[app],
                 let index = windows.firstIndex(where: { $0.title.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains(title) })
             else {
                 throw PeekabooError.windowNotFound(criteria: "title contains \(title)")
             }
             return (app, index)
         case .frontmost:
-            if let entry = self.windowsByApp.first(where: { !$0.value.isEmpty }) {
+            if let entry = windowsByApp.first(where: { !$0.value.isEmpty }) {
                 return (entry.key, 0)
             }
             throw PeekabooError.windowNotFound(criteria: "frontmost")
@@ -1250,7 +1366,7 @@ final class StubWindowService: WindowManagementServiceProtocol {
             }
             throw PeekabooError.windowNotFound(criteria: "title contains \(title)")
         case let .index(app, index):
-            guard let windows = self.windowsByApp[app], index < windows.count else {
+            guard let windows = windowsByApp[app], index < windows.count else {
                 throw PeekabooError.windowNotFound(criteria: "index \(index) in \(app)")
             }
             return (app, index)
@@ -1261,18 +1377,18 @@ final class StubWindowService: WindowManagementServiceProtocol {
 extension ServiceWindowInfo {
     fileprivate func withBounds(_ bounds: CGRect) -> ServiceWindowInfo {
         ServiceWindowInfo(
-            windowID: self.windowID,
-            title: self.title,
+            windowID: windowID,
+            title: title,
             bounds: bounds,
-            isMinimized: self.isMinimized,
-            isMainWindow: self.isMainWindow,
-            windowLevel: self.windowLevel,
-            alpha: self.alpha,
-            index: self.index,
-            spaceID: self.spaceID,
-            spaceName: self.spaceName,
-            screenIndex: self.screenIndex,
-            screenName: self.screenName
+            isMinimized: isMinimized,
+            isMainWindow: isMainWindow,
+            windowLevel: windowLevel,
+            alpha: alpha,
+            index: index,
+            spaceID: spaceID,
+            spaceName: spaceName,
+            screenIndex: screenIndex,
+            screenName: screenName
         )
     }
 }

Apps/CLI/Tests/CLIAutomationTests/TypeCommandTests.swift

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ struct TypeCommandTests {
 
         #expect(command.text == "Hello World")
         #expect(command.jsonOutput == true)
-        #expect(command.delay == 2) // default delay
+        #expect(command.delay == 0) // default delay
         #expect(command.pressReturn == false)
         #expect(command.clear == false)
     }
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ struct TypeCommandTests {
 
         #expect(command.text == "New Text")
         #expect(command.clear == true)
-        #expect(command.delay == 2) // default delay
+        #expect(command.delay == 0) // default delay
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ struct TypeCommandTests {
     func `Type command with human typing speed`() throws {
         var command = try TypeCommand.parse(["Message", "--wpm", "140", "--json"])
         #expect(command.wordsPerMinute == 140)
-        #expect(command.delay == 2)
+        #expect(command.delay == 0)
         // Validation should allow the selected range
         try command.validate()
     }
@@ -96,10 +96,24 @@ struct TypeCommandTests {
     }
 
     @Test
-    func `Type execution defaults to human cadence`() async throws {
+    func `Type execution defaults to linear cadence`() async throws {
         let context = await self.makeContext()
         let result = try await self.runType(arguments: ["Hello"], context: context)
 
+        #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
+        let call = try #require(await self.automationState(context) { $0.typeActionsCalls.first })
+        if case let .fixed(milliseconds) = call.cadence {
+            #expect(milliseconds == 0)
+        } else {
+            Issue.record("Expected linear cadence")
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `Type execution with WPM opts into human cadence`() async throws {
+        let context = await self.makeContext()
+        let result = try await self.runType(arguments: ["Hello", "--wpm", "140"], context: context)
+
         #expect(result.exitStatus == 0)
         let call = try #require(await self.automationState(context) { $0.typeActionsCalls.first })
         if case let .human(wordsPerMinute) = call.cadence {

Apps/CLI/Tests/CLIRuntimeTests/CommandRuntimeInjectionTests.swift

@@ -190,6 +190,66 @@ struct CommandRuntimeInjectionTests {
         #expect(availability.missingPermissions == [.postEvent])
     }
 
+    @Test
+    func `exact window click support requires protocol 1_9 capability`() {
+        let oldHost = PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse(
+            negotiatedVersion: PeekabooBridgeProtocolVersion(major: 1, minor: 8),
+            hostKind: .gui,
+            build: nil,
+            supportedOperations: [.targetedClick],
+            enabledOperations: [.targetedClick]
+        )
+        let currentHost = PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse(
+            negotiatedVersion: PeekabooBridgeProtocolVersion(major: 1, minor: 9),
+            hostKind: .gui,
+            build: nil,
+            supportedOperations: [.targetedClick, .exactWindowTargetedClick],
+            enabledOperations: [.targetedClick, .exactWindowTargetedClick]
+        )
+
+        #expect(!BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsExactWindowTargetedClicks(for: oldHost))
+        #expect(BridgeCapabilityPolicy.supportsExactWindowTargetedClicks(for: currentHost))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `request-aware targeted click capability preserves AX while flagging synthetic variants`() {
+        let accessibilityOnly = PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse(
+            negotiatedVersion: PeekabooBridgeProtocolVersion(major: 1, minor: 9),
+            hostKind: .gui,
+            build: nil,
+            supportedOperations: [.captureScreen, .targetedClick],
+            permissions: PermissionsStatus(
+                screenRecording: true,
+                accessibility: true,
+                postEvent: false
+            ),
+            enabledOperations: [.captureScreen, .targetedClick],
+            permissionTags: [PeekabooBridgeOperation.targetedClick.rawValue: []]
+        )
+        let unavailable = PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse(
+            negotiatedVersion: PeekabooBridgeProtocolVersion(major: 1, minor: 9),
+            hostKind: .gui,
+            build: nil,
+            supportedOperations: [.captureScreen, .targetedClick],
+            permissions: PermissionsStatus(
+                screenRecording: true,
+                accessibility: false,
+                postEvent: false
+            ),
+            enabledOperations: [.captureScreen],
+            permissionTags: [PeekabooBridgeOperation.targetedClick.rawValue: []]
+        )
+
+        let accessibilityAvailability = CommandRuntime.targetedClickAvailability(for: accessibilityOnly)
+        #expect(accessibilityAvailability.isEnabled)
+        #expect(accessibilityAvailability.missingPermissions == [.postEvent])
+
+        let unavailableAvailability = CommandRuntime.targetedClickAvailability(for: unavailable)
+        #expect(!unavailableAvailability.isEnabled)
+        #expect(unavailableAvailability.missingPermissions.isEmpty)
+        #expect(unavailableAvailability.unavailableReason?.contains("Accessibility or Event Synthesizing") == true)
+    }
+
     @Test
     func `post event permission request support requires advertised protocol operation`() {
         let supported = PeekabooBridgeHandshakeResponse(
@@ -360,10 +420,126 @@ struct CommandRuntimeInjectionTests {
     }
 
     @Test
-    func `implicit runtime candidates preserve the default app fallback only`() {
+    func `rejected default daemon uses a stable build-scoped auto-start socket`() {
+        let firstSocketPath = DaemonLaunchPolicy.autoStartSocketPath(
+            daemonSocketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            defaultSocketWasOccupiedAndRejected: true,
+            runtimeBuildIdentity: "build-a"
+        )
+        let repeatedSocketPath = DaemonLaunchPolicy.autoStartSocketPath(
+            daemonSocketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            defaultSocketWasOccupiedAndRejected: true,
+            runtimeBuildIdentity: "build-a"
+        )
+        let nextBuildSocketPath = DaemonLaunchPolicy.autoStartSocketPath(
+            daemonSocketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            defaultSocketWasOccupiedAndRejected: true,
+            runtimeBuildIdentity: "build-b"
+        )
+
+        #expect(URL(fileURLWithPath: firstSocketPath).deletingLastPathComponent() ==
+            URL(fileURLWithPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath).deletingLastPathComponent())
+        #expect(firstSocketPath == repeatedSocketPath)
+        #expect(firstSocketPath != nextBuildSocketPath)
+        #expect(URL(fileURLWithPath: firstSocketPath).lastPathComponent.hasPrefix("daemon-"))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `runtime build identity is independent of the loaded universal slice`() {
+        let executableURL = URL(fileURLWithPath: "/tmp/peekaboo-universal")
+        let nativeIdentity = DaemonLaunchPolicy.runtimeBuildIdentity(executableURL: executableURL) { _ in
+            ["bbbbbbbb", "aaaaaaaa"]
+        }
+        let translatedIdentity = DaemonLaunchPolicy.runtimeBuildIdentity(executableURL: executableURL) { _ in
+            ["aaaaaaaa", "bbbbbbbb"]
+        }
+
+        #expect(nativeIdentity == translatedIdentity)
+        #expect(nativeIdentity.hasSuffix("aaaaaaaa,bbbbbbbb"))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `runtime build identity reads UUIDs from every universal slice`() {
+        func littleEndian(_ value: UInt32) -> [UInt8] {
+            withUnsafeBytes(of: value.littleEndian, Array.init)
+        }
+
+        func bigEndian(_ value: UInt32) -> [UInt8] {
+            withUnsafeBytes(of: value.bigEndian, Array.init)
+        }
+
+        func thinMachO(uuid: [UInt8]) -> Data {
+            var data = Data(littleEndian(0xFEED_FACF))
+            for _ in 0..<3 {
+                data.append(contentsOf: littleEndian(0))
+            }
+            data.append(contentsOf: littleEndian(1))
+            data.append(contentsOf: littleEndian(24))
+            data.append(contentsOf: littleEndian(0))
+            data.append(contentsOf: littleEndian(0))
+            data.append(contentsOf: littleEndian(0x1B))
+            data.append(contentsOf: littleEndian(24))
+            data.append(contentsOf: uuid)
+            return data
+        }
+
+        let firstUUID = Array(UInt8(0)...UInt8(15))
+        let secondUUID = Array(UInt8(16)...UInt8(31))
+        let firstSlice = thinMachO(uuid: firstUUID)
+        let secondSlice = thinMachO(uuid: secondUUID)
+        let firstOffset = UInt32(48)
+        let secondOffset = firstOffset + UInt32(firstSlice.count)
+
+        var universal = Data([0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE])
+        universal.append(contentsOf: bigEndian(2))
+        for (offset, size) in [
+            (firstOffset, UInt32(firstSlice.count)),
+            (secondOffset, UInt32(secondSlice.count)),
+        ] {
+            universal.append(contentsOf: bigEndian(0))
+            universal.append(contentsOf: bigEndian(0))
+            universal.append(contentsOf: bigEndian(offset))
+            universal.append(contentsOf: bigEndian(size))
+            universal.append(contentsOf: bigEndian(0))
+        }
+        universal.append(firstSlice)
+        universal.append(secondSlice)
+
+        #expect(Set(DaemonLaunchPolicy.machoUUIDs(in: universal)) == [
+            "000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f",
+            "101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f",
+        ])
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `auto-start keeps unoccupied and custom daemon sockets`() {
+        #expect(DaemonLaunchPolicy.autoStartSocketPath(
+            daemonSocketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            defaultSocketWasOccupiedAndRejected: false,
+            runtimeBuildIdentity: "build-a"
+        ) == PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath)
+        #expect(DaemonLaunchPolicy.autoStartSocketPath(
+            daemonSocketPath: "/tmp/custom-daemon.sock",
+            defaultSocketWasOccupiedAndRejected: true,
+            runtimeBuildIdentity: "build-a"
+        ) == "/tmp/custom-daemon.sock")
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `implicit runtime candidates preserve the default app fallback only`() throws {
+        let buildScopedPath = DaemonLaunchPolicy.buildScopedDaemonSocketPath(
+            daemonSocketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            runtimeBuildIdentity: DaemonLaunchPolicy.runtimeBuildIdentity()
+        )
         #expect(DaemonLaunchPolicy.implicitRuntimeCandidateRole(
             socketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
-            daemonSocketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath
+            daemonSocketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            buildScopedDaemonSocketPath: buildScopedPath
+        ) == .reusableDaemon)
+        #expect(try DaemonLaunchPolicy.implicitRuntimeCandidateRole(
+            socketPath: #require(buildScopedPath),
+            daemonSocketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            buildScopedDaemonSocketPath: buildScopedPath
         ) == .reusableDaemon)
         #expect(DaemonLaunchPolicy.implicitRuntimeCandidateRole(
             socketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath,
@@ -439,16 +615,76 @@ struct CommandRuntimeInjectionTests {
     }
 
     @Test
-    func `default bridge diagnostics include the legacy runtime fallback`() {
+    func `default bridge diagnostics include build-scoped and legacy runtime fallbacks`() throws {
         let runtimePaths = BridgeDiagnostics.runtimeCandidateSocketPaths(
             runtimeOptions: CommandRuntimeOptions(),
             environment: [:]
         )
+        let buildScopedPath = DaemonLaunchPolicy.buildScopedDaemonSocketPath(
+            daemonSocketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            runtimeBuildIdentity: DaemonLaunchPolicy.runtimeBuildIdentity()
+        )
+
+        #expect(try runtimePaths == [
+            PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            #require(buildScopedPath),
+            PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath,
+        ])
+        #expect(try DaemonControlResolver.defaultSocketPaths() == [
+            PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            #require(buildScopedPath),
+        ])
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `bridge diagnostics preserve runtime ordering for validated historical daemons`() throws {
+        let historicalPath = "/tmp/peekaboo/daemon-bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb.sock"
+        let options = CommandRuntimeOptions()
+        let runtimePaths = BridgeDiagnostics.runtimeCandidateSocketPaths(
+            runtimeOptions: options,
+            environment: [:],
+            historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths: [historicalPath]
+        )
+        let diagnosticPaths = BridgeDiagnostics.diagnosticSocketPaths(
+            runtimeOptions: options,
+            environment: [:],
+            historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths: [historicalPath]
+        )
+        let buildScopedPath = try #require(DaemonLaunchPolicy.buildScopedDaemonSocketPath(
+            daemonSocketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            runtimeBuildIdentity: DaemonLaunchPolicy.runtimeBuildIdentity()
+        ))
 
         #expect(runtimePaths == [
             PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            buildScopedPath,
+            historicalPath,
             PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath,
         ])
+        #expect(Array(diagnosticPaths.prefix(runtimePaths.count)) == runtimePaths)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func `bridge diagnostics use GUI-first runtime ordering for host inventory`() throws {
+        let historicalPath = "/tmp/peekaboo/daemon-bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb.sock"
+        var options = CommandRuntimeOptions()
+        options.requiresHostApplicationInventory = true
+        let runtimePaths = BridgeDiagnostics.runtimeCandidateSocketPaths(
+            runtimeOptions: options,
+            environment: [:],
+            historicalBuildScopedDaemonSocketPaths: [historicalPath]
+        )
+        let buildScopedPath = try #require(DaemonLaunchPolicy.buildScopedDaemonSocketPath(
+            daemonSocketPath: PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            runtimeBuildIdentity: DaemonLaunchPolicy.runtimeBuildIdentity()
+        ))
+
+        #expect(runtimePaths == [
+            PeekabooBridgeConstants.peekabooSocketPath,
+            PeekabooBridgeConstants.daemonSocketPath,
+            buildScopedPath,
+            historicalPath,
+        ])
     }
 
     @Test